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PSL280 > Lecture 7 (Renal Systems) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 (Renal Systems) Flashcards

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1
Q

What functions do the renal system and kidneys carry out?

A
  • Regulate the composition of body fluids
  • Regulate fluid volume
  • Excrete wastes from the body
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2
Q

Where are kidneys located in humans?

A
  • Retroperitoneal (outside the peritoneum or lining of abdomen)
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3
Q

Explain the renal system Anatomy

A

Kidney
- Bilateral
- Produces Urine
Ureter
- Muscular tube that propels urine from kidneys to bladder
Bladder
- Stores Urine
Urethra
- Connects bladder to external environment

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4
Q

How is the kidney organized?

A
  • Outer layer (Cortex)
  • Inner layer (Medulla)
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5
Q

Where do the collecting ducts of the kidney converge at?

A
  • Converge at Renal papilla (found in inner medulla)
  • Inner medulla region known as Renal Pelvis
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6
Q

What are the components of a Monocalyceal kidney?

A
  • One single renal pelvis and set of papillae
  • Also known as a Calyx
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7
Q

What are Multicalyceal kidneys divided into?

A
  • Multiple calices
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8
Q

What are the components of a Multireniculated kidney?

A
  • Contain distinct lobes, each individual lobe called RENICULUM
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9
Q

What is a Reniculum (plural: reniculae)?
What is the color?

A
  • They act as separate little kidneys having its own cortex and medulla
  • Has its own cortex, medulla, and pelvis
  • Medulla = pale pink
  • Cortex = darker red
  • Helps conserve more fresh water
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10
Q

What is a Calyx?

A
  • One single renal pelvis
  • set of papillae
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11
Q

Describe the Minor Calyx

A
  • One papillae leading to the renal pelvis
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12
Q

Describe the Major Calyx

A
  • Multiple minor calices converging to one calyx
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13
Q

What comes in and out of the Hilus?

A
  • Renal artery entrance
  • Renal vein exits
  • Ureter exits
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14
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A
  • connective tissue
  • peritoneum (surrounds kidney over the cortex)
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15
Q

What are the functional filtration units of the kidney?

A

NEPHRON

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16
Q

What functions do nephrons carry out?

A
  • Filter the blood to remove metabolic wastes and excess minerals and excrete it as urine
  • Filter out everything SMALLER than 68 kDa
  • Selectively reabsorb what is required
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17
Q

Where are the more concentrated portions of the kidney?

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A
  • Deeper in medulla relative to cortex = more concentration
  • Longer loop of henle = more concentrating ability
18
Q

How is the medulla different in marine mammals?

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A
  • Thicker medulla
  • scientist unsure of why this is though
19
Q

What is the nephron function and urine concentrating ability dependent on?

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A
  • Cortico-medullary axis of the kidney
  • Establishes a counter-current concentrator to produce urine
20
Q

The Urine that mammals excrete is dependant on what?

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A
  • What is filtered out
  • What is reabsorbed
  • What is actively secreted
21
Q

What strategies have marine mammals developed to minimize water loss?

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A
  • Increase reabsorption of water
  • Increased filtration of secretions of salts and waste products
22
Q

What does Excretion equal?

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A

Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

23
Q

What are the challenges marine mammals face?

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A
  • Coping with increased salt intake
  • Coping with long fasting periods
  • Finding fresh water
24
Q

What have marine mammals adapted their renal systems to do?

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A
  • excrete the large amounts of minerals ingested
  • Control amount of water loss to prevent dehydration
25
What does the number of reniculi correlate to?
- Salinity of the diet - associated with an increased capacity to excrete urine
26
What marine mammals have the largest amount of reniculi?
- Mysticete whales - > 3000 reniculi per kidney
27
Describe the kidneys of sirenia
- Do NOT have true reniculated kidneys - Cortex is continuous - Little is know regarding Dugongs
28
What are the three basic sources of water that mammals obtain?
1. Drinking fresh water (from streams) 2. H2O in food: Most fish and invertebrates consists of 60-80% fresh water 3. Metabolic water: Breakdown of fat or metabolism of protein
29
How do some marine mammals obtain fresh water from the environment (specific examples)?
- some live in freshwater lakes or rivers such as manatees or Amazon river dolphins - some pinnipeds (Weddell seal) observed chewing snow or ice - Captive pinnipeds drink from hose or trough
30
How do some marine mammals obtain water from food?
- West indian manatee feed on leafy green vegetables - vegetables (about 70% fresh water) - produce normal urine output
31
How do some marine mammals obtain metabolic water?
Fatty acid catabolism (Beta-Ox) - 1 gram of Palmitate (16:0) -> 1.07g H2O - Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 Proteolysis - 1 gram of protein -> 0.4g H2O
32
Why are fattier fish more favorable as a source of food?
- Fattier fish give more water - provides more stored fat and protein to use during fasting
33
How does fasting produce water?
- Production of metabolic water from catabolism of own fats - Sea lion deprived of salt and fresh water for 45 days and survived
34
During fasting what happens to urine output?
- Decrease in urinary output to conserve water
35
When protein is broken down to produce water, what builds up?
UREA - must be excreted in urine, results in water loss
36
How do marine mammals counteract the formation of Urea?
- Mariposa - Intentional ingestion of sea water - Benificial to marine mammals with higher protein intakes
37
How much seawater do sea otters ingest during Mariposa?
average 62ml/kg per body weight of sea water per day
38
How much salt water does the Northern Fur Seal ingest during Mariposa?
- 1.8ml/kg per body weight
39
How much salt water does the Harbor Seal ingest during Mariposa?
4.8 mL/kg per body weight
40
How much salt water does the Common dolphins ingest during Mariposa?
12-13 mL/kg per body weight
41
What are the non-renal adaptations to conserve water?
- Skin of pinnipeds have FEW sweat glands - Skin of Cetaceans have NO sweat glands - Water loss from breathing is reduced by conserving breaths and cooling expelled air (using counter current exchange)

PSL280 (14 decks)

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