Lecture 7: Respiratory System Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
Allow for exchange of gases between external environment and the blood
2
Q
Respiratory system allows for…
A
Vocalizing
3
Q
Respiratory Tract
A
Passageway that conducts air from external environment to gas exchange areas of lungs
4
Q
Upper Respiratory System Contains…
A
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
5
Q
Sinus
A
Airspace within a bone
6
Q
What does the respiratory epithelium line?
A
Inside of the respiratory tract
7
Q
What type of tissue composes most of the respiratory tract?
A
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells
8
Q
Goblet Cells
A
Make mucous that is used to coat cilia to filter and purify the air
9
Q
Mucous Escalator
A
Moves debris up toward laryngopharynx to cough up or swallow
10
Q
What secretes thick mucous onto exposed surfaces?
A
Goblet cells
11
Q
What does mucous from goblet cells trap?
A
Debris and pathogens
12
Q
What is the mucous escalator made of?
A
Cilia
13
Q
Larynx
A
Voice box
14
Q
What are the three cartilages of the larynx?
A
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
15
Q
Where are the vocal folds?
A
Larynx
16
Q
Glottis
A
The opening between the vocal cords that air passes through
17
Q
Phonation
A
Sound production in larynx
18
Q
What causes phonation?
A
Happens due to air passing through glottis causing vibrations in vocal cords
19
Q
How are tension and frequency of the larynx adjusted?
A
Contracting muscles that change the shape of it
20
Q
Higher tension on larynx =
A
Higher sound
21
Q
Trachea
A
Cartilage tube about one inch in diameter
22
Q
What is the trachea lined with?
A
Respiratory epithelium
23
Q
What type of cartilage is in the larynx?
A
C shaped cartilage rings
24
Q
Purpose of C shaped cartilage
A
Hold open trachea
25
What does the trachea split into?
Left and right primary (main) bronchi that enter the lungs
26
What do primary bronchi split into?
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
27
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
28
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
29
How many secondary bronchi per lung lobe?
1
30
What do secondary bronchi split into?
Tertiary bronchi
31
What do tertiary bronchi split into?
Bronchioles
32
What do bronchioles split into?
Respiratory bronchioles
33
What do respiratory bronchioles do?
Carry air into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
34
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs in lungs that are the last stop/place for O2 to go upon entering the trachea
35
What occurs in the alveoli?
Gas exchange
36
What is each alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries and veins
37
What does alveolar epithelium consist of?
Simple squamous epithelium and thin, delicate type 1 pneumocytes
38
Pneumocytes Type 1
Form walls of alveoli
39
Pneumocytes Type 2
Produce surfactant
40
Surfactant
Decreases surface tension of alveoli by coating inside of it to prevent the walls from sticking together
41
Alveolar Macrophages
Fixed
| Remove bacteria and particles that are able to make it to the alveoli
42
What is another name for alveolar macrophages?
Duct cells
43
What do O2 and CO2 diffuse across?
3 Layers of Respiratory Membrane
44
What are the three layers of respiratory membrane?
Epithelial cells lining alveolus
Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
Fused basement membrane between these two cell layers
45
Concentration Gradient
Blood in alveolar capillaries has a low O2 concentration and high CO2 concentration as it approaches capillaries
46
Partial Pressure
Gradient between the air and the blood that 'pushes' O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood
47
How does oxygen transport 98.5% of the time?
Bound to hemoglobin
48
How does oxygen transport 1.5% of the time?
Dissolved in plasma
49
How does carbon dioxide transport 70% of the time?
Carried as carbonic acid
50
How does carbon dioxide transport 23% of the time?
Bound to hemoglobin
51
How does carbon dioxide transport 7% of the time?
Dissolved in plasma
52
What is the double layer membrane surrounding the lungs called?
Pleura
53
Intrapleural Space
Thin layer of fluid between visceral and parietal layers
54
What makes lungs expand and contract?
Changes in pressure in the thoracic cavity
55
Exhalation is ______ and its only ______ when heavy breathing occurs
Passive
| Active
56
What muscles are used during inhalation at rest?
Diaphragm
| External Intercostal Muscles
57
Accessory Muscles of Respiration (6)
```
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis Minor
Scalene
Serratus
Internal Intercostals
Abdominals
```
58
What do accessory muscles allow?
Deeper and more forceful breaths
59
Muscles Used During Inhalation (6)
```
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis Minor
Scalene
Serratus
```
60
Muscles Used During Exhalation (2)
Internal Intercostals
| Abdominals
61
What muscles elevate ribs during respiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus
62
What muscle elevates the first and second ribs during respiration?
Scalene
63
What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle elevate during respiration?
Ribs
Sternum
Clavicles
64
What do the internal intercostal muscles do during respiration?
Lower rib cage which increases pressure on lungs
65
What do abdominal muscles do during respiration?
Increase pressure on diaphragm
66
The Diaphragm
Primary muscle of respiration
67
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
It decreases pressure in thoracic cavity and lungs which allows the lungs to expand and it lowers its dome
68
What controls respiration?
It is under neural control by the CNS
69
Is respiration control mostly voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
70
Where in the brainstem does the control most occur?
Pons
| Medulla Oblongata
71
What region functions in every respiratory cycle?
Dorsal respiratory group
72
What does the dorsal respiratory group stimulate?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to contract for 2 seconds
73
How long is the respiratory muscle relaxation period?
3 seconds
74
Chemoreceptors
Neurons that respond to changes in pH, CO2, and O2 levels in the blood
75
Where are chemoreceptors located?
Internal carotid arteries
Aorta
Brainstem
76
What happens when there is increased CO2 and decreased pH?
Increase of respiratory rate
77
What happens when there is decreased CO2 and increased pH and O2?
Decrease of respiratory rate
78
Baroreceptors
Neurons that respond to changes in blood pressure
79
Where are baroreceptors located?
Internal carotid arteries
| Aorta
80
What happens when there is a decrease in blood pressure?
Increase of respiratory rate
81
What do CNS stimulants do to respiration?
Increase it by stimulating respiratory centers
82
What do CNS depressants do to respiration?
Decrease respiratory rate/activity
83
Hering-Breuer Reflexes
Involved in forced breathing only
Inflation Reflex
Deflation Reflex
84
Inflation Reflex
Prevent expansion of lungs and bursting of alveoli walls
85
How does the inflation reflex work?
Stretch receptors in smooth muscle send signals to respiratory centers which inhibit inspiratory centers and stimulate expiratory centers
86
Deflation Reflex
Prevents deflation beyond a certain point
87
How does the deflation reflex work?
Receptors in alveolar walls send signals to inhibit expiratory centers and stimulate inspiratory centers
88
Sneezing
Triggered by irritation of nasal cavity wall
89
Coughing
Triggered by irritation of larynx, trachea, or bronchi
90
What happens during sneezing and/or coughing?
The glottis closes and results in a forceful expulsion of air as it opens again
91
Laryngeal Spasm
Triggered by chemical irritants, foreign objects, or fluids
92
What happens during a laryngeal spasm?
Glottis closes temporarily
93
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Max inhale (normal to max)
94
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Forced exhale after normal inhale and exhale
95
Residual Volume
Left over air after max exhalation
96
Vital Capacity
All exhalation after normal inhalation
97
Tidal Volume
Average inhalation and exhalation at rest
98
Emphysema
Damage to alveolar walls resulting in less surface area for gas exchange
99
What does more alveolar wall surface allow for?
More gas exchange, making it hard to get O2 into blood stream
100
What is another name for emphysema?
COPD
101
Causes of Emphysema
Smoking
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Type 1 pneumocytes start dying
102
Trypsin
Produces harmful chemicals in macrophages
103
Antitrypsin
Stops harmful chemicals from existing
104
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Genetic
| Normally A1 antitrypsin protects alveoli from enzyme that damages connective tissue
