Lecture 7- The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cranial Nerves And Cerebellum Flashcards
1
Q
What protects the spinal cord?
A
Meninges
2
Q
How many protections are there in meninges? And what is the name of the meninges?
A
Three layers of protection: Dura Mater, Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater
3
Q
What are the two types of fibres under spinal cord?
A
General visceral fibres and General somatic fibres
4
Q
What are the two types of fibres in general somatic fibres?
A
- Afferent fibres (sensory information: skin)
- Efferent fibres (motor information: skeletal muscles)
5
Q
What are the two types of fibres in the general visceral fibres?
A
- Afferent fibres (internal organs, vessel, glands)
- Efferent fibres (hearts, glands, smooth muscles)
6
Q
What does dorsal root carry?
A
Sensory information
7
Q
What is the pathway of dorsal root?
A
It goes all the way up to the parietal lobe in cerebrum about sensory information
8
Q
What does ventral root carry?
A
Motor information
9
Q
What is the pathway of ventral root?
A
It will flow down to different places through spinal cord and to muscles.
10
Q
What are formed after merging dorsal root and ventral root?
A
Dorsal ramus and Ventral ramus
11
Q
What does dorsal ramus innervantes/ connects?
A
The back (dorsal) part of the body
12
Q
What does ventral ramus innervate/ connect?
A
Ventral (frontal) part of the body
13
Q
What is dorsal root ganglion?
A
Collection of neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons that transmit sensory impulses
14
Q
Do dorsal and ventral ramus contain sensory and motor information?
A
They contain both sensory and motor information
15
Q
What can the spinal cord mapping infer?
A
Humans are most likely evolved fro quadripedal
16
Q
How is the internal structure of spinal cord structured?
A
Well-structured and organised (with ascending tract separated from descending tract)
17
Q
What hosts the tracts of neural fibres?
A
Spinal cord
18
Q
How does the spinal cord host the tracts of neural fibres?
A
It bridges the brain and body bi-directionally and are structurally well organised
19
Q
What are the parts of spinal cord?
A
Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), sacral and coccyx
20
Q
What are the two ascending and descending tracts separated?
A
Ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts
21
Q
What is the basic cell in the nervous system for information communication and processing?
A
Neuron
22
Q
What is neuron?
A
The basic cell in the nervous system for information communication and processing
23
Q
What is nerve?
A
A general term referring to the fibre-like nervous tissue that carries information between the brain and body
24
Q
What refers to the fibre-like nervous tissue that carries information between the brain and body?
A
Nerve
25
What is fibre/ nerve fibre?
A general tram for axon
26
What is the general term for axon?
Fibre/ Nerve Fibre
27
What is a bundle of axon sharing common features?
Fasciculus/ Fascicle
28
What is fasciculus/ fascicle?
a bundle of axon sharing common features
29
What is a bundle of fasciculus?
Funiculus
30
What is funiculus?
A bundle of fasciculus
31
What is a tract?
A group of nerve fibres with the same origin, course, termination and function
32
What is a group of nerve fibres with the same origin, course, termination and function?
Tract
33
What is a body structure that represents a cord (rope-like thing)?
Cord
34
What is a cord?
A body structure that represents a cord (rope-like thing)
35
What is ganglion?
An encapsulated collection of cell bodies in peripheral nervous system
36
What is nucleus?
An encapsulated collection of cell bodies and nucleus in the central nervous system
37
What are the two encapsulated collection of cell bodies?
Ganglion and Nucleus
38
What are the three structures of brainstem?
medulla, pons, and midbrain
39
Where is brainstem located at?
Located between cerebrum and spinal cord
40
What function is brainstem responsible for?
Responsible for automatic functions (running on their own subconsciously and cannot be controlled)
41
What does brainstem host?
It hosts cranial nerves (neural fibres innervating different areas in face and neck)
42
Where is medulla located at?
Located between spinal cord and pons
43
What is the function of medulla?
It integrates signals for cerebellum and spinal cord for **coordinating motor movements and learning**
44
What run through the medulla?
80% motor tracts
45
What does medulla host?
- Hosts the **nuclei of cranial nerves** IX, X, XI, and XII
- Host many **automatic functions**, including cardiac, vasoconstrictor, gastrointestinal motility, respiratory and swallowing
46
What does medulla do in terms of reflexes?
Mediate reflexes: coughing, vomiting and gagging
47
Where is pons located at?
Located between medulla and mid-brain
48
What does pons relay?
Relays neural tracts between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord
49
WHat does pons host?
Hosts the nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
50
What does pons regulate?
Regulates respiration, swallowing, hearing eye movements, and facial expression and sensation
51
Where does midbrain locate at?
Located between pons and diencephalon
52
What does midbrain link?
Links the pons with the cerebral hemispheres
53
What does midbrain produce?
- Produces the neurotransmitter **dopamine** (related to addiction and movement)
- Produces **melatonin** (in pineal gland) to **regulate sleep**
54
What does midbrain receive and control?
Receives **auditory and visual** information and controls **eye movement**
55
What are cranial nerves?
All information we collect **from sensors** in our body will go through **htalamus** and project **to** different places in the **cortex**
56
What is CN I?
Olfactory Nerve
57
What is the feature of the olfactory nerve?
- does **not** go through brainstem and thalamus (a central information relay centre)
- directly **penetrates through the skull** and directly arrives at the **temporal cortex**
58
What is the first part that receives and captures information from the olfactory nerve?
Olfactory bulb
59
What is the destination of the olfactory bulb
Olfactory cortex (temporal lobe, orbitofrontal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus)
60
What filters things in olfactory nerve?
Cribriform plate (cranial nerves pass through cribriform plate)
61
What is olfactory nerve responsible for?
Smell information (e.g. when and where you have that smell)
62
What is CN II?
The Optic Nerve
63
What are the three layers in the eye that light penetrates?
1. Photoreceptors: first layer that light enters and neuron takes information from **light**
2. Bipolar neuron: second layer that light penetrates
3. Ganglion cell: third layer that light penetrates and directly **sends information to the brain**
64
How does light enter eyes through optic nerve?
Light will first enter the innermost layer of retina to receive light and it will be reflected from the internal wall, then light can go through the first two transparent layres
65
Tow types of photoreceptors
Cones and Rods
66
How does optic nerve has a complicated visual pathway?
It separates information sent to the left visual area to be processed in the right hemisphere, and the right visual area to be processed in the left hemisphere
67
What is lateral geniculate nucleus?
A turning point to receive information from only **one side** of your eyeballs
68
How is the visual information sent to the hemisphere?
Right (left) hemisphere receives left (right) visual field, the pathway is then connected to the right (left hemisphere through **lateral geniculate nucleus**
69
What happens if the visual pathway is cut?
- When a visual pathway is cut in the temporal, the cut visual path way. is not working while the other eye can see clearly
- When the visual pathway is being cut at the point where the two optic nerves cross, each of the eye can only see **half of the visual field** from both eyes (i.e. left eye can only see the right side while right eye can only see the left side)
- When a visual pathway in the brain is damaged at lateral geniculate nucleus, you **cannot see from a certain side** as the visual field is damaged but can see another side using both eyes
70
What does superior colliculus integrate?
- Integrates visual, auditory and vestibular signals to **control eye and body movements**
- Controls **ocular muscles** and **pupils**
71
What types of control is sent to control your body and eyeball in superior colliculus?
Top-down control to downstream information processing to control your body and eyeball
72
What does superior colliculus do in terms of body posture based on visual information obtained?
adjusts position and posture to **maintain body balance** based on visual information obtained
73
What connection does pulvinar nucleus?
Possesses **reciprocal connection with most visual cortices areas** of the occipital, parietal and temporal lobes
74
What important role does pulvinar nucleus play?
Plays important role in **visual attention**
75
What information does pulvinar nucleus provide?
Tell the cortex which part is important so that the cortex can do **top-down feedback based on importance**
76
What are the three cranial nerves related to eye movements?
The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), The Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
77
What do The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), The Abducens Nerve (CN VI) do in terms of eye movement?
They control the eye movements which are very complex and important
78
What does the oculomotor nerve control?
Controls the inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and left medial rectus
79
What does trochlear nerve do?
It changes the **direction of force** by pulling the eyeball **forward** against all tensions pulling the eyeball backward using the **superior oblique** to **maintain the balance of eyeball**
80
What does abducens nerve do?
Controls the right medial rectus
81
What does trigeminal nerve do?
Controls and receives signal from the muscles in the **facial areas, tongue and mouth**
82
What is trigeminal nerve responsible for?
Essential for sound production, chewing and facial expressions
83
What is the function of facial nerve?
Facial muscle (facial muscle control), facial sensation, taste, parasympathetic function (increases the flow of saliva)
84
What disorder may be caused by facial nerve?
Bell’s palsy
85
What s the function of vestibulocohclear nerve?
Processing **auditory** information and maintaining **body balance**
86
What does glosspharyngeal nerve receive?
Receives **sensory information** from tongue, pharynx, tonsils, middle ear, phraryngotympanic tube, carotid body
87
What does glosspharyngeal nerve control?
Controls **muscles in pharynx** (mediate **gag reflex**)
88
What does glosspharyngeal nerve affect?
Parotid gland
89
What is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves?
The Vagus Nerves
90
What does the vagus nerve innervate?
Innervate (part of ) ear, pharynx, larynx, soft palate, tongue, esophagus, lungs, trachea, heart, digestive tract
91
What are the functions of the vagus nerve?
- Receives **sensory information** (from the innervate structures
- Heavily engaged in **parasympathetic functions**
- Movement in **digestive tracts**
- Speech, gag reflex, swallow
92
What does vagus nerve have?
**recurrent laryngeal nerve** that controls the larynx which is important to **speech production**
93
What is the Spinal Accessory Nerve
- partly mingled with CN X
- control **neck muscles**
94
What does hypoglossal nerve control?
Tongue movements
95
What connection does cerebellum have?
A **bidirectional connection** that one is towards **thalamus** while the other is towards **downwards** (to the body)
96
What coordination does cerebellum have?
Visual motor coordination
97
What are the key functions of cerebellum?
- Visual motor coordination
- Motor control: fine motor control and gross motor control
- Motor skill learning
98
What is motor skill learning?
Collect, calculate and correct error that is the most essential process underlying learning
99
What is proprioception?
Every channel of information about yourself and body state that needs to be understood by ourselves
100
What is parallel computation?
Information from different body parts are processed **simultaneously in a parallel way** that is **cognitively demanding** -> cerebellum executes parallel compilation for calculating information from every part of body
101
Cerebellum has _________ neurons than the cerebrum.
More neurons
102
What relationship does cerebellum have with the body?
Receives input form, and controls output to, the **ipsilateral** side of the body
103
Does cerebellum initiate movement?
No, cerebellum does not initiate movement
104
Cerebellum _________ movements.
Cerebellum **coordinates** movement
- **calculating error** between actual movement and predicted movement
- send error signal back to cerebrum
- helps your body to **adjust movement** when it detects your body is not doing the motion in a correct way
105
What is the process of coordination of movement in cerebellum?
1. Motor plan and execute the movement
2. cerebellum receives **proprioception** from two streams of information, and then **calculate error**
3. Parallel computations when calculating errors fro different body parts using different nuerons and cells
4. Cerebellum sends information back to thalamus’s and it will go back to motor cortex to tell the motor correction
