Lecture 8 - Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia And Brain Ventricles

Question 1

What are the four components of diencephalon?

Answer 1

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Subthalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 2

What are the two structural roles of diencephalon?

Answer 2

• Connect the cerebral cortex to the rest of the body
• Connect the brain to the endocrine system (hormone system)

Question 3

What are the functions of thalamus?

Answer 3

• A relay station: Relaying all sensory information (except olfactory) to different areas in the cortex for further processing
• involved in motor control

Question 4

How many hemispheres are there in thalamus?

Answer 4

2 hemispheres

Question 5

What is the function of medial geniculate body?

Answer 5

Auditory pathway for auditory information

Question 6

Where is medial geniculate body from and to?

Answer 6

from the inner ear, to the primary auditory cortex

Question 7

Where is lateral geniculate body from and to?

Answer 7

From the eyes, to primary visual cortex

Question 8

What is the function of lateral geniculate cortex?

Answer 8

Visual pathway for visual information

Question 9

What are the two ventral posterior?

Answer 9

Ventral Posterior Lateral and Ventral Posterior Medial

Question 10

Where is Ventral Posterior from and to?

Answer 10

From medial leminiscus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminothalamic tract, to postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

Question 11

What are the functions of Ventral Posterior?

Answer 11

Conveys touch, temperature, pain, proprioception

Question 12

What sends information to the Ventral Posterior?

Answer 12

The entire body sends information to the Posterior Lateral

Question 13

What information do Ventral Posterior Lateral and Ventral Posterior Medial receive?

Answer 13

Ventral Posterior Lateral: receives information from your body
Ventral Posterior Medial: receives information fro your head and neck

Question 14

Where are Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior from and to?

Answer 14

From basal ganglia and cerebellum, to motor vortices

Question 15

What is the function of Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior?

Answer 15

Motor control

Question 16

Where are Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal from and to?

Answer 16

From mammillary body to cingulate cortex

Question 17

What are the functions fo Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal?

Answer 17

Cognitive control, emotion, memory

Question 18

What is associated with long-term memory that is connected to mammillary body?

Answer 18

Hippocampus

Question 19

What is visual imaginary?

Answer 19

The internal vision generated by yourself: you imagine a tiger with your eyes closed, your hippocampus will send information generated from long-term memory to the mammillary body and then send information to the Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal.

Question 20

Where is Dorsomedial Nucleus from and to?

Answer 20

From hypothalamus, amygdala, to prefrontal cortex

Question 21

What is the function of Dorsomedial Nucleus?

Answer 21

Cognitive control and emotion

Question 22

Where is Pulvinar from and to?

Answer 22

From superior colliculus reciprocal connection to cortex, to mainly primary visual cortex, parietal and temporal lobes

Question 23

What is the function of Pulvinar?

Answer 23

Visual attention and navigation

Question 24

Where is Median nuclei from and to?

Answer 24

From and to are non-specific and widespread

Question 25

What is the function of Median Nuclei?

Answer 25

Arousal, awareness by overriding mental state

Question 26

What happens if you don’t have Median Nuclei?

Answer 26

Don’t have conscious

Question 27

Where is hypothalamus located?

Answer 27

**Below** the thalamus

Question 28

What control centre is hypothalamus?

Answer 28

Control centre for **endocrine system**

Question 29

How does hypothalamus controls things?

Answer 29

Controls things in a **slow time scale**

Question 30

how does the nuclei in hypothalamus control endocrine system?

Answer 30

Through the **pituitary gland**

Question 31

What are the functions of Hypothalamus?

Answer 31

- Regulates the growth and development - Drives sexual behaviour - Regulates reproduction behaviour (birth, breastfeeding) - Regulates autonomic functions (sympathetic/ parasympathetic) - Maintains the **homeostasis** of the body (circadian rhythm, stress regulation, body temperature, water balance, appetite, blood pressure)

Question 32

What are in the hypothalamus to release hormones to control different body parts?

Answer 32

Lots of nuclei stimulating pituitary gland

Question 33

Where is epithalamus located?

Answer 33

**Behind** the thalamus

Question 34

What is the major function of epithalamus?

Answer 34

Release of **melatonin** (regulate sleep-wake cycle)

Question 35

What is responsible to release melatonin in the epithalamus?

Answer 35

Pineal Gland

Question 36

Where is subthalamus located?

Answer 36

**Below** the thalamus

Question 37

WHat is the major function of subthalamus?

Answer 37

Motor control (part of the basal ganglia movement)

Question 38

WHat are the three parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 38

Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus

Question 39

What forms lentiform nucleus?

Answer 39

Putamen and Globus Pallidus (medial to putamen)

Question 40

What is basal ganglia responsible for?

Answer 40

Motor Movement

Question 41

How is our muscle system in the entire body when it is not activated?

Answer 41

Constantly **inhibited**

Question 42

How is our initiation of moment related to muscles?

Answer 42

It **releases muscles** when initiating our movement as we initiate disinhibition to release the muscles for movement

Question 43

What are the two pathways in the basal ganglia?

Answer 43

Direct pathway and Indirect pathway

Question 44

What does the direct pathway do in the basal ganglia?

Answer 44

It facilitates you to **initate some movements**

Question 45

What is the process of direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

Answer 45

If the neural fibre is being activated, the striatum will be activated the neuron from striatum to medial globus pallidus is inhibitory is being activated, the neuron to the thalamus will be suppressed and silenced, the thalamus will be activated to send information to motor cortex, and the motor cortex will initiate motor activity.

Question 46

What is inhibitory pathway?

Answer 46

You need to initiate a command to stop the motor activity through inhibitory pathway

Question 47

What is the process of indirect pathway?

Answer 47

A command will be sent form motor vortices to lateral globus pallidus, then it will reduce activity of neuron to subthalamus nucleus (inhibitory), then it will send excitatory pathway to the medial globus pallidus, the pathway form medial globus pallidus to thalamus will have more inhibitory activity on thalamus, the thalamus is inhibited and cannot send information to motor cortices. The motor cortices will stop the motor activity.

Question 48

What releases dopamine?

Answer 48

Substantial nigra, that enhances direct pathway and suppresses indirect pathway