Lecture 8 + 9 Flashcards
Prevalence data about childhood/adolescent affective disorders
Girls:Boys –> 2:1 by the time they’re adolescents
first episode 10-13 years but rising from 13-18.
5% affected
Lots of comorbidity
High heritability (37%)
Biopsychosocial view
Biology:
- HPA axis = high cortisol
- Striatal and Limbic pathways
- Serotonin
Psychology:
- self-esteem
- neuroticism
- inhibited temperament
Social:
- early stress; parental neglect, abuse
- low SES, low social support
Diagnostic Criteria
- Irritability
- change in appetite (weight)
- change in sleep
- anedhonia
- sluggishness (slow motor behaviour, including speech)
- suicide ideation
- inability to concentrate
What are the tests for kids?
Clinical interviews:
K-SADS
DISC
Questionnaires
CDI
KADS
HPA axis
Sress –> Hypothalamus –> CRH –> Pituitary –> ACTH –> Adrenal glands –> Adrenaline and cortisol
Negative Feedback Loop**
STUDY: Cortisol levels and girls
- took baseline measures of girls’ cotrisol levels and monitored them over 6 years
- Results showed that higher cortisol levels were a predicting factor for later depression WHEN there was acute stress
- Give better direction for prevention
STUDY: Cortisol levels and girls
- took baseline measures of girls’ cotrisol levels and monitored them over 6 years
- Results showed that higher cortisol levels were a predicting factor for later depression WHEN there was acute stress
- Give better direction for prevention
Temperament - History
Latin meaning = right mix
Galen - 4 humours theory
Valesius - brain is centre; against the humours theory
20th century:
- Gesell: development-based temperamental styles (slow development = cautious/even tempered; fast development = outgoing/quick tempered
- Sheldon: morphology-based temperamental styles (3 types associated with sociability, assertiveness, and inhibition)
- Norman: personality with 5 factors (OCEAN)
Today: no clear definition
Points of convergence (what everyone agrees on) and
Points of divergence (what no one agrees on)
Points of convergence - Group of related traits - Individual-specific - Reflects behavioural tendencies, not distinct acts (only in infancy) - Stable core vs. modifiable expression - Emphasis on biological underpinnings Points of divergence - Different dimensions suggested by each discipline
What is Round Table?
Based on the point of divergence, there are 4 main accepted theories each with their own dimension of temperament
- Buss and Plomin
- Rothbart
- Goldsmith
- Thomas and Chess
Buss and Plomin’s temperament theory
- inherited and appears early in life
- 3 main traits: sociability, emotionality and activity
- Development pattern:
- Distress splits in distress, fear and anger in 1st year
- Emotionality is first, but then dampens with sociability
Rothbart’s
- Stable, biologically-based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
- 4 traits: negative reactivity, positive reactivity, behavioural inhibition, and focus/attention
- Development pattern:
- 2-4 months: bio-behavioural shift (decreased distress; increase in smiling/laughing)
- 6-10 months: behavioural inhibition (increased latency of approach to novel/intense stimuli)
Goldsmith’s
- emerge early in life, to experience and express primary emotions
- 8 Traits: joy, sadness, anger, fearful, disgust, pleasure, surprise, interest/persistence
- Development:
- Emotional expression strongly linked to feelings in infancy
- Weakening link due to socialization practices in childhood
Thomas and Chess’
- independent attributes interacting with other attributes expressed as a response to external stimuli
- 9 traits
- Development:
- once born constantly evolving due to the interplay of attributes and environment
What are the two similarities within all 4 theories?
- Two dimensions: emotionality and activity
- Emerge in infancy
