Lecture 8: Behavioural Attribution And Social Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Attribution theory
A
- Focuses on how people make judgements about own and others behaviours
1a. Internal/dispositional: someone does smth bc thats who they are
1b. External/situational: someone does smth bc of outside factors
2
Q
Kelleys covariation model:
A
- people assess behaviour of others by:
1a. Consensus: if others engage in same behaviour =situational
1b. Distinctiveness: if individual does smth unusual for them (new behaviour?)=situational
1c. If individual does smth consistently=disposition - Attribution types
2a. Dispositional: consensus low, distinctiveness low, consistency high
2b. Situational: consensus high, distinctiveness high, consistency low
3
Q
Attribution biases
A
- Fundamental attribution error: thinking other peoples behaviours are all internal
- Actor observer bias: we think our own behaviour is situational and others behaviours are dispositional
- Group attribution error: people assume that attributes of an individual in a group apply to everyone in the group OR people conclude that a groups decision reflects the attitudes of all members of the group
- Hostile attribution bias: when people assume other peoples behaviours are hostile to them even when they’re harmless
4
Q
Self serving bias
A
- Say we succeed because of ourselves and fail because of external circumstances
5
Q
False consensus bias
A
- Peoples tendency to believe that their beliefs are common and appropriate
1a. Thinking everyone shares your beliefs
6
Q
Prejudice
A
- Attitude about a person or group not based on experience
- Can be positive or negative and directed at anyone
7
Q
Discrimination
A
- Actions related to prejudice (behaviours)
8
Q
Stereotypes
A
- Broadly held beliefs that people who belong in a given group have a particular characteristic
- Self fulfilling prophecy: when people act in a way that matches stereotypes related to them which enforces the stereotype
2a. Stereotype threat: stereotype negatively affects a persons performance
2b. Stereotype boost: when a stereotype positively influences performance
9
Q
Stigma
A
- Strong disapproval of a person based on traits that make them unique
1a. Self stigma when its internalized
10
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
- When one analyzes a different culture through the lens of their own
- Caused by in group favouritism
11
Q
Cultural relativism
A
- When one views another culture from the perspective of people within that culture
- Non judgemental
12
Q
Microsociology vs macrosociology
A
- Microsociology: small-scale, face-to-face interactions between people
- Macrosociology: large scale social structures
13
Q
Macrosociology: functionalism
A
- Functionalism/ structural functionalism: theory that views society as a massive structure with parts that work together to keep it functionally stable
14
Q
Macrosociology: conflict theory
A
- Conflict theory: says society changes over time due to conflicts between groups
1a. Role conflict: 2 seperate roles =conflict
1b. Social strain: stress from same social role
15
Q
Macrosociology: social constructivism
A
- Social constructionism: some facts beget their meaning from physical reality
1a. Weak social constructionism: says there are brute facts which are pieces of knowledge that dont rely on other facts
1b. Strong social constructionism: says all knowledge is socially constructed
16
Q
Microsociology: symbolic interactionist
A
- Focuses on one on one interactions between people and on the symbols they use to do so
17
Q
Microsociology: exchange-rational choice
A
- Rational choice theory: people run logic cost-benefit for each action they take
- Social exchange theory: people interact with others in a way to maximize benefits and reduce costs
18
Q
Macrosociology: feminist theory
A
- Focuses on gender interactions w society and wants to achieve social and political equality
19
Q
Social institutions: education
A
- Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
- Educational segregation: separation of education
- Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
20
Q
Social institutions: education
A
- Hidden curriculum: all things we learn in school that aren’t explicitly taught
- Educational segregation: separation of education
- Educational stratification: categorization of students in group
21
Q
Secularization
A
- Becoming less religious
22
Q
Governments
A
- Anarchy: no one has power
- Autocracy (monarchy and dictatorship): one person has power
- Oligarchy: few people have power
- Democracy: everyone has power
23
Q
Economy
A
- Capitalism: private ownership
- Socialism: social ownership
- Communism: establishes collective ownership to all properties
24
Q
Medicalization
A
- When life shifts from general problems to medical problems
- Recategorizing a medical condition to something that needs treatment: drinking -> alcoholism
25
2 categories of culture
1. Material culture: objects serve human interests
2. Symbolic culture: made up of beliefs, rituals, symbols etc
26
Culture diffusion/lag/shock/assimilation
1. Cultural diffusion: when elements of one culture from one society are transferred from one group to another (cultural transmission is the actual process)
2. Culture lag: when symbolic culture fails to keep up with material culture
3. Culture shock: when a person is exposed to a different culture of their own and that causes shock
4. Assimilation: when minority become like the majority culture
27
Counterculture
1. When a subculture has a conflict with the dominant culture
28
Life course theory
1. Approach to studying people’s entire lives and their environment by collecting data about them from birth onward
2. These theorists popularized a cohort/generation (ex: gen Z)
3. Life course approach: Says early life events influences an individuals later life outcomes
29
Theories of aging
1. Disengagement theory: older people experience physical and social loss later in life which causes them to withdraw from society
2. Activity theory: argues disengagement from society is unnecessary and harmful…old people need social involvement
3. Continuity theory: states older people tend to keep up activities they were a part of earlier in life such as social circles
4. Modernalization theory: modernization is inevitable so old people are at risk of being left behind due to change
5. Age stratification theory: society puts pressure on people to behave a certain age depending on how old they are
30
Gender segregation
1. Tendency of children to separate into same sex peer groups around 3 years old
2. Also how people who work in female dominated fields often recieve lower pay
31
Race vs ethnicity
1. Race: soft people into groups based on physical appearance or social characteristics
2. Ethnicity: traditions, language, religion etc.
32
Racialization:
happens when racial identities are ascribed to people in a given group
33
Racial formation
1. Says race is socially constructed
34
Immigration
1. Push factors: push people from one country to another
2. Pull factors: pull people to a country
35
Malthusian theory
1. Assumes out ability to grow food for the population is linear and populations naturally flow a pattern of exponential growth
2. Is challenged via demographic transition model
36
Demographic transition model
1. Stage 1: birth and morality high =no pop growth
2. Stage 2: morality falls, birth high bc pop health improves
3. Stage 3: morality remains low, birth fall
4. Stage 4: morality and birth low: pop growth slows
5. Stage 5: not sure yet
37
Population terms
1. Crude birth rate/natality: number of children born/year/thousand ppl
2. Mortality /death rate: number of people that die /year/thousand ppl
3. Total fertility rate (TFR): avg number of kids a woman has in lifetime
38
Types of Social movements
1. Alternative social movement: Change aspect of individual
2. Redemptive social movement: change whole individual
3. Reformative social movement: change aspect of society
4. Revolutionary social movement: change whole society
39
Theories to explain social movement:
1. Relative deprivation theory: ppl join social movements vs they feel worse off than people they are exposed to and by joining it’ll make their lives better
2. Resources mobilization theory: ppl join social movement and effect change because they have resources and motivation to do so
3. Political process theory: 3 things necessary for social movements to form are insurgent consciousness, organizational strength and political opportunities
4. New social movement theory: economic transition that many developed countries have gone through away from manufacturing and towards service has caused social movements and that these movements are different than movements before them
40
Globalization
1. Integration of smaller groups of people into worldwide network of ideas
41
World systems theory
1. Breaks world into 3 nations:
1a. Core nations: economically, technologically and ,militarily powerful
1b. Semi periphery nations: between
1c. Periphery nations: opposite from core
2. Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones
42
Dependancy theory
1. Argues core nations such recourses out of periphery ones so there are no benefits to periphery nations
43
Urbanization
1. When people move from rural areas to cities
1a. Urban decline: ppl leave cities
1b. Urban renewal: ppl moving back into city centres
2. Suburbanization: migration of people from cities to suburbs
44
Gentrification
1. Process of uranium land people improved and new residents moving in
45
Social strain theory:
pressure from the environment increases crime
46
Differential association theory
1. People learn crimes by watching others around them
47
Social role conflict
1. Demands of 2 social roles a person has
