Lecture #8 Cardiovascular System: The Blood Physical Properties and Ethroycytes

Question 1

What cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids?

Answer 1

Blood and Intersistial Fluid

Question 2

What diffuses into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells?

Answer 2

Nutrients and oxygen

Question 3

Does waste move in the same direction of the nutrients or reverse diretion?

Answer 3

Wastes move in the reverese direction

Question 4

What is it called when someone is study the blood and blood disorders?

Answer 4

Hematology

Question 5

What is the blood composed of?

Answer 5

Plasma, a clear straw colored water liquid–91.5% water, and 8.5% solutes

Formed elements (Cells and cell fragments)

Question 6

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 6

Over 90% water, 7% plasma proteins which is created in liver, confined to bloodstream.

Albumin: maintain blood osmotic pressure

Globulines (immunoglobulins): antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens, which form antigen-antibody complexes

Fibrinogen: for clotting

2% other substances: electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

Question 7

What are Red blood cells called?

Answer 7

Erythrocytes

Question 8

What are White Blood cells?

Answer 8

Leukocytes

Question 9

What are granular leukocytes?

Answer 9

Neurtrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

Question 10

What are Agranular leukocytes?

Answer 10

Lymphocytes=T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Monocytes

Question 11

What are platelets?

Answer 11

Special cell fragments

Question 12

What is Hematocrit?

Answer 12

Percentage of blood occupied by cells

Question 13

38-46% (Average of 42%) is the average of what gender for erythrocytes?

Answer 13

Female Normal Range of RBC

Question 14

40-54% (Average of 46%) is the average of what gender for erythrocytes?

Answer 14

Male Normal Range–is higher because of their testosterone.

Question 15

What is it called when one does not have enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin?

Answer 15

Anemia

Question 16

What is it called when one has too many RBCs (over 65%) following dehydration, tissue hypoxia, and blood doping in athletes?

Answer 16

Polycythemia

Question 17

What are some of the chararcteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)?

Answer 17

Biconcave disc–increases surface area available for oxygen binding

About 8 uM in diameter

About 2 uM thick

No nulceus

Filled with hemoglobin (Hb)

Easily deformed

3,000,000 new RBCs enter bloodstream every second

~280 million Hb molecules in each red blood cell

Question 18

What is a normal hemoglobin?

Answer 18

Composed of four protein chains–2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Question 19

What is a heme group?

Answer 19

A porphyrin ring surrounding a single iron moelcule

Each iron molecul ecan bind one molecule of oxygen (O2)

So, 4 molecules of O2/hemoglobin molecule

Question 20

What is the function of Hb?

Answer 20

Each Hb molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2.

Question 21

O2 is loaded onto hemoglobin in _______ and transported to the tissues cells by the blood.

Answer 21

Lung Capillaries

Question 22

What other nutrients does Hb transport?

Answer 22

Hb also transport ~20% of the total CO2 produced in tissue cells the CO2 combines with amino acids in the globin portion of Hb

Question 23

What is the blood concentration of Hb for men?

Answer 23

16 grams/ 100 ml of blood

Question 24

What is the blood concentration of Hb for women?

Answer 24

14 grams/ 100 ml of blood in women

Question 25

What is the average percentage of total blood volume for RBC?

Answer 25

RBCs or "hematocrit" comprises ~45% of the total blood volume

Question 26

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 26

Fomation of Erythrocytes (RBCs) in red bone marrow

Question 27

After birth, stem cells differentiate into ____________.

Answer 27

Proerythroblasts

Question 28

Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate stages to become __________.

Answer 28

Reticulocytes

Question 29

When reticulocytes reach maturity, _____is produced and the _____ is ejected.

Answer 29

Hb, Nucleus

Question 30

With reticulocytes, Hb and nucleus results in the formation of a mature ______.

Answer 30

Ertyrocyte

Question 31

What is hemopoietic growth factors?

Answer 31

Regulate differentiation & proliferation of blood cells

Question 32

What is Erthropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 32

It is produced by kidneys, travels to bone morrow and stimulates stem cells and RBC production

Question 33

What is thrombopoietin (TPO)?

Answer 33

It is a hormone from liver, and stimulatees platelet formation

Question 34

What is Cytokines?

Answer 34

They are "local hormones" of bone marrowl; produced by some marrow cells to stimulate prolieration in other marrow cells as well as colony-stimulatiing factors (CSF) & interleukins stimulate WBC production

Question 35

What does the medical usage do for growth factors?

Answer 35

It helps with availability through recombinant DNA technology

Question 36

What protein helps effectively in treating decreased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease?

Answer 36

Recombinant Erthropoietin (EPO)

Question 37

How does chemotherapy help cancer patients when they stimulate WBC formation?

Answer 37

Chemotherapy because it kills bone marrow

Question 38

What helps prevent depletion during chemotherapy?

Answer 38

Thrombopoietin

Question 39

What are some characteristics for athletes when they are in the process of blood doping or "boosting"?

Answer 39

Inject previously stored RBCs before event More cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues Increases viscosity of the blood Increases work of the heart

Question 40

What is the RBC Life cycle?

Answer 40

Worn out cells removed by fixed macrophages in spleen & liver

Question 41

How long are the RBCs life cycle?

Answer 41

Last ~ 120 Days

Question 42

During the RBC life cycle what are actions taking place?

Answer 42

RBCs wear out from bending to fit through capillaries, no repair possible due to lack of nucleu which results to the breakdown products are recycled.

Question 43

In the destruction and recycling of RBCs what actions are taking place?

Answer 43

In macrophages of liver or spleen, globin broken down into amino acids, recycled, heme portion split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment)

Question 44

What else happens to the Heme components?

Answer 44

Iron (Fe3+) transported in blood attached to protein, which is stored in liver, muscle or spleeen, which is attached to ferritin or hemosiderin protein and then is transported to bone marrow for use in hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 45

What does biliverdin converted to?

Answer 45

Bilirubin---it is secreted by liver into bile--bile is exreted via kidneys and intestine

Question 46

What is platelets?

Answer 46

Also known as thrombocytes, their major function is blood clotting.

Question 47

Platelets are _____ shaped cell fragments, with a diameters of about ______ micrometers.

Answer 47

Irregular, 2-4 micrometers

Question 48

Approximately _______platelets per microliter of blood.

Answer 48

150,000-400,000