Lecture 8 - Cell migration and adhesion (MT based)

Question 1

The structure of cilia and flagella is structurally conserved

Answer 1

From single celled organisms to man - many of the same proteins used
So single celled eukaryotes can be used as model organisms for understanding how cilia and flagella work

Question 2

Each respiratory epithelial cell has how many cilia?

Answer 2

Up to 300

Question 3

Chalmydomonas reinhardtii is a

Answer 3

Biflagellate green alga

Does ‘breaststroke’

Question 4

Cilia and Flagella are built from the

Answer 4

Basal body

Question 5

The flagella is made up of

Answer 5

The basal body
The transition zone
The mature flagellum

Question 6

The axoneme is

Answer 6

the central strand of a cilium or flagellum

It is composed of an array of microtubules, typically in nine pairs around two single central ones

Question 7

In the basal body, microtubules are

Answer 7

In nine pairs of triplets, no central MT

Question 8

In the transition zone, microtubules are

Answer 8

In nine pairs of doublets, no central MT

Question 9

In the mature axoneme, microtubules are

Answer 9

In nine pairs of doublets, around 2 singlet central MT

Question 10

The structure of the basal body is the same as

Answer 10

The centriole

Question 11

In the centrosome there are

Answer 11

Two centrioles, surrounded by PCM

Question 12

PCM

Answer 12

Pericentriolar material

Gamma tubulin rich

Question 13

Cytoplasmic MT are nucleated from

Answer 13

The centrosome

Question 14

9+2 axoneme is

Answer 14

Highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution

Question 15

The basal body is the

Answer 15

MT organising centre

Question 16

The spindle pole body is the

Answer 16

MT organising centre in yeast and fungi that acts as a centriole equivalent

Question 17

Centrioles come in

Answer 17

Pairs

Question 18

MTs are made up of

Answer 18

13 Protofilaments
25nm dia
alpha+beta tubulin

Question 19

The central pair of MT in the 9+2 axoneme is held in place by

Answer 19

Radial spokes

Question 20

Nexin connects the

Answer 20

Doublet MT in the outer ring

Important in flagella wave form

Question 21

The outer doublet MT is made up of the

Answer 21

A + B MTs

Question 22

Dynein arms are

Answer 22

Molecular motors

Enable flagellum to beat

Question 23

Proteins are incorporated into the flagellum

Answer 23

At the flagella tip

Question 24

Proteins are transported into the flagella by

Answer 24

Intraflagellar Transport

Question 25

Intraflagellar Transport uses

Answer 25

MTs

Question 26

Intraflagellar transport is

Answer 26

The bi directional movement of particles along the doublet MTs of the flagellar axoneme, between the axoneme and the flagellar membrane

Question 27

IFT particles are transported to the flagellum +end by

Answer 27

Kinesin II

Question 28

IFT particles are transported to the flagellum -end by

Answer 28

Dynein 1b

Question 29

The flagellum -end is located in

Answer 29

The basal body

Question 30

IFT rafts can be complex assemblies of proteins carried up and down the flagellum - e.g.?

Answer 30

Radial spokes are partially assembled prior to IFT

Question 31

Cilia and flagella are built by

Answer 31

IFT

Question 32

IFT forms both

Answer 32

Primary and motile cilia

Question 33

IFT Kinesin knockout mice embryos

Answer 33

Do not form cilia or flagella | no anterograde transport

Question 34

IFT Dynein knockout Chlamy mutants

Answer 34

Form bulbous flagellum "Blobs" | no retrograde transport

Question 35

Centrin is a

Answer 35

Structural protein found in the basal body

Question 36

Centrin controls

Answer 36

Basal body number

Question 37

Centrin mutations result in

Answer 37

Too many basal bodies/ too many flagella | known as a vfl mutant (variable flagella no.)

Question 38

A Chlamy mutant that has only one flagella is called

Answer 38

Uni1

Question 39

Uni1 mutants

Answer 39

Cannot transition from triplet to doublet microtubules | Results in no flagellum in the daughter basal body

Question 40

Pf1 mutants have a

Answer 40

Paralysed flagella | Radial spokes do not form correctly

Question 41

Mbo1 mutants

Answer 41

Move Backwards Only Mutation in the beak-like projection inside the MT Swims backwards!

Question 42

Dyneins

Answer 42

have a tail, head and neck region | The heads contain the ATPase

Question 43

The head and tail region of the flagella dyneins are anchored to

Answer 43

Two separate MT | Hydrolysis of ATP causes head to move

Question 44

In flagella, Nexin causes the MT to

Answer 44

BEND, rather than slide against each other

Question 45

Primary cilia dyskinesia (PCD)

Answer 45

Immotile cilia syndrome | Second most common inherited lung disease after CF

Question 46

PCD patients have a

Answer 46

Mutation in the 9+2 axoneme

Question 47

PCD causes

Answer 47

Chronic respiratory disease (respiratory cilia) Male sterility (sperm flagellum) Hydrocephalus (ependymal cilia)

Question 48

The three basic polarity axes are

Answer 48

Anteroposterior Dorsoventral Left-right

Question 49

During embryogenesis

Answer 49

The body axes are specified

Question 50

What does the node do?

Answer 50

Sets up the left-right axis in vertebrates

Question 51

What does the node have?

Answer 51

Ciliated cells

Question 52

What disease results from a lack of cilia in the node?

Answer 52

Situs Inversus

Question 53

Cilia in the embryonic node

Answer 53

Beat and move morphogens and growth factors to the left

Question 54

Morphogen

Answer 54

A chemical agent that determines an organism's shape

Question 55

Ciliary beating during embryogenesis

Answer 55

Allows aymmetric localisation of growth factors that set up the left right organism polarity

Question 56

What transcriptiion factor positioned by ciliary beating?

Answer 56

PitX2

Question 57

Heterotaxy

Answer 57

is partial situs invertus

Question 58

Situs inversus is seen in 50% patients with

Answer 58

PCD | 50% chance of being on the right side