Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Lecture 8: Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of:
-What genes are
-How they carry information
-How information is expressed
-How genes are replicated

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the study of genetics?

A

-What genes are
-How they carry information
-How information is expressed
-How genes are replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein?

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What refers to all of the genetic material in a cell?

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the molecular study of genomes?

A

Genomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What refers to the genes of an organism?

A

Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What refers to the expression of the genes, aka observable traits?

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are small circular molecules of DNA?

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do plasmids autonomously replicate?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What requires that it carry information required for their own replication, and often for one or more cellular traits

that are not essential for normal bacterial metabolism, growth or reproduction
and
can confer survival advantages?

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are fertility factors, resistance factors, bacteriocin factors, virulence plasmids, cryptic plasmids?

A

Types of plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of genome structure is:
-genome in two structures (nuclear DNA and extranuclear DNA)
-several linear chromosomes
-Located in membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryotic genome structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of genome structures is:
-genome in two structures (chromosomes and plasmids)
-circular chromosome
-located in the nucleoid, in cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotic genome structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is:
-the duplication of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNAs
-Occurs before cell division
-Vertical transmission

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are DNA strands antiparallel?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?

A

The polymer of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA strands are double helix associated with what?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the deoxyribose-phosphate to a DNA strand?

A

the “back bone”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What holds together strands between AT and CG?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is this process:
-parental molecule
-separation of parental strands into templates
-formation of new strands complementary to template strands?

A

Semiconservative DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is DNA replication bidrectional?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an anabolic polymerization process, requires monomers (nucleotides) and energy?

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What replicates DNA in preparation for cell division?

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What starts at the Origin of Replication (Ori), opened up by DNA helicase and copied by DNA polymerase III?

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the flow of bacteria's genetic information?
1. Within a cell central dogma (they follow DNA to MRNA to protein) 2. Between generations of cells (parental cells to daughter cells aka dna replication or vertical transmission) 3. between cells of the same generation (horizontal transfer) occurs when the different cells share the same genetic information and join genetic information to create recombinant cells
26
What are these: 1. Within a cell central dogma (they follow DNA to MRNA to protein) 2. Between generations of cells (parental cells to daughter cells aka dna replication or vertical transmission) 3. between cells of the same generation (horizontal transfer) occurs when the different cells share the same genetic information and join genetic information to create recombinant cells
the three different routes of the flow of bacteria's genetic information
27
Which cell is capable of: -transformation -transduction -conjugation
Recombinant cell from a horizontal transfer
28
What are double-stranded DNA made up of?
Nucleotides
29
Adenine pairs with what?
Adenine pairs with Thymine
30
Guanine pairs with what?
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
31
What compiles guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine?
the structure of DNA
32
Adenine and thymine pair with how many hydrogen bonds?
2 hydrogen bonds
33
Guanine and cytosine pair with how many hydrogen bonds?
3 hydrogen bonds
34
What is euchromatin?
loosely packed histone complex, region where histone complex are further apart and exposed certain gene segments and exposed are most likely to be transcribed by proteins in that cells
35
What is heterochromatin?
tightly condensed/ packed, the histone complex is not accessible so no transcription activity going on in this region
35
How are eukaryotic chromosomes packaged?
add more double stranded DNA wrap around histones to create nucleosome, that is linked by linker DNA Note size increase throughout the process
35
Are plasmids double stranded DNA?
Yes
35
What is the prokaryotic chromosomal packaging process like?
Don't use histone, only histone-like protein. These form loop anchor proteins, organizing the double helix DNA
35
The origin of replication in plasmids are driven by?
Promoter
36
Do certain promoters dictate the number of plasmids that a bacterial cell can have?
Yes
37
Mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA refer to what?
Extranuclear DNA in eukaryotic genome structures
38
Will both strands be templates in DNA semiconservative replication?
Yes, both parental strands become templates
39
3' hydroxl group
add 21:27
40
Which enzyme that unwinds parental double helix at replication forks?
Helicase enzyme
40
Enzymes that participate in DNA replication
25:56
41
Which enzyme binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template?
Single-strand binding protein
42
Which enzyme relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands?
Topoisomerase enzyme
43
Which enzyme synthesizes and RNA primer at 5' end of leading strand and at 5' end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand?
Primase enzyme
44
Which enzyme uses parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand?
DNA polymerase III
45
Which enzyme removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides?
DNA polymerase I
46
Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3' end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA?
DNA ligase
47
How many locations for origin of replication for prokaryotic cells?
1 origin of replication location on each chromosome and on each plasmid
48
How many locations for origin of replication for eukaryotic cells?
Several origin of replications on 1 chromosome and 1 plasmid
48
What process is used to duplicate DNA and prepare for cell division?
DNA replication
49
What is the role of helix in the initiation of DNA replication?
Helicase will open up the DNA strand to unzip the double helix
50
What relieves the strain in a double stranded DNA during initiation of DNA replication?
Topoisomerase
51
What adds complementary RNA primer during initiation of DNA replication?
Primase-enzyme (5-10 bps)
52
What adds DNA nucleotides (dNTPs) that are complementary to the template DNA into the reaction during elongation?
DNA polymerase III
52
What is the process of leading strand synthesis?
Elongation
53
Describe the lagging strand synthesis (elongation)
54
Explain DNA polymerase's proofreading activity
DNA polymerase proofread newly made DNA Mismatched bases are pulled out and replaced Nucleotide excision repair Race between finishing replication and fidelity
55
What is it when enzymes correct errors in base pairing?
Mismatch repair
56
What is it when a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA?
Nucleotide excision repair
57
What are mutations from DNA replications called?
spontaneous mutations
58
What is an anabolic polymerization process, that requires monomers and energy (nucleotides)
DNA replication
59
What process starts at the origin of replication (Ori), opened up by DNA helicase?
DNA replication
60
What is the DNA replication overview?
need to add
61
Explain DNA replication: rolling circle replication?
add
61
62
What are the differences between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic DNA replication?
need to add
62
What is the difference between mismatch repair vs nucleotide excision repair?
add
63
63
64

Microbiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions