Lecture 8-Work Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the “glass ceiling”?
The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that keeps women from rising to the highest levels of leadership in the workplace.
What does “sticky floor” refer to?
The tendency for women to remain at the bottom of an organizational hierarchy in jobs with limited opportunities for advancement.
What is the “gender deviance neutralization” theory?
Suggests that people use justifications to explain why women are in non-traditional roles or why they deviate from expected gender norms.
What is the main expectation for men’s work from graduation to retirement?
Men are expected to work full-time, continuously, and are not allowed to be dependent or ask for help.
How is a man’s identity linked to his work?
A man’s identity is often tied to his work, with men who earn more feeling more masculine.
What role does work play in a man’s life according to the Male Work-Role Model?
Work is the central focus of a man’s life, and he is expected to be the breadwinner in separate spheres from other roles.
What do most women expect regarding work and family?
Most women are expected to balance work and domestic duties, and some may leave work to have children.
Do women typically view work as a means to self-actualization?
Few women view work as a key means of self-actualization, and they rarely define themselves as breadwinners.
What does Deutsch’s research say about dual-earner couples?
Women want their husbands to earn money, and men want their wives to earn money but not more than they do.
How is women’s income viewed in dual-earner couples, and how are finances typically divided?
Women’s income is often seen as “helping” rather than “providing,” and men usually pay the “real” bills, maintaining traditional financial divisions.
What is “opportunity cost”?
Refers to the value of what one must give up in order to pursue something else, such as the trade-off between paid work and unpaid caregiving duties.
Why did rates for women in the workforce increase?
- Expanded service sector → more job opportunities for women
- Inflation → increased need for two incomes
- Changing gender role expectations → married women with children returning to work
Why did men’s participation in the workforce decrease?
- More men retired early
- Everyone stayed in school longer
What type of jobs are women more likely to work in?
Women are more likely to work in jobs that are lower in pay, prestige, and status, often lacking authority and decision-making power.
What defines precarious work? (5)
Involves short hours, low pay, limited benefits, limited control over working conditions, and limited job advancement.
What are examples of precarious jobs?
Examples include part-time jobs, contract jobs, and low-paid occupations such as childcare, cashiers, and food service workers.
What is horizontal occupational gender segregation?
Refers to the tendency of men and women to cluster into different professions, often with men in higher-paid roles and women in lower-paid roles.
What is vertical occupational gender segregation?
Refers to the tendency for men to hold higher-status positions with more authority and pay within any field.
What are the two causes of horizontal occupational gender segregation?
- Women tend to “choose” care work.
- Assumption that women are naturally caring is used to justify lower salaries.
- Care work pays less than other work, even when controlling for education and experience. - Pay rates were historically set when employers assumed women didn’t need to financially support their families.
How is horizontal occupational gender segregation decreasing?
Women and men with four-year degrees are moving toward more integrated professions, like law and medicine.
In which type of jobs is there less integration between men and women?
There is less integration in traditionally male-dominated, working-class positions, such as construction and plumbing.
What happens to the salaries and status of male-dominated careers as women move into these jobs?
The salaries and status of male-dominated careers tend to decrease as women move into these jobs.
What is the “labyrinth” metaphor in workplace discrimination?
The complex obstacles women face in the workplace that thwart all but the most exceptional women.
What is the “glass escalator” in workplace dynamics?
The tendency for men to be promoted to leadership positions rapidly when working in traditionally female-dominated fields.
