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Infection Systems > Lecture 8: Zoonosis > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is a zoonotic disease?

A
  • infectious diseases transmitted naturally between humans and animals wild or domestic
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2
Q

how are zoonotic diseases transmitted?

A
  • airborne: transfer of viruses
  • vectors: transmitting infected agents from animals
  • direct contact with animals e.g. bites from infected animal
  • close proximity to animals: faecal oral transfer/animal body fluid in cuts
  • food borne: consuming infected meat or milk
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3
Q

list some ‘common; UK zoonosis

A
  • salmonella
  • campylobacter
  • toxoplasma
  • (Psittacosis - Chlamydophilia psittaci)
  • (Q-fever - Coxiella Burnetti)
  • ringworm/dermatophytosis
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4
Q

list some uncommon UK zoonosis

A
  • anthrax
  • rabies
  • bubonic plague
  • tularaemia
  • acute brucellosis
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5
Q

why is: malaria, schistosomiasis (snail fever), oncoceriasis (river blindness), elephanitasis NOT zoonoses?

A
  • because even though transmitted from animals, they depend on the human host for part of their life cycle
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6
Q

what is an anthroponosis?

A

reverse zoonoses’ in that humans are infecting animals

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7
Q

anthroponosis examples

A
  • influenza (virus affecting birds, pigs)
  • strep throat (bacteria affecting dogs)
  • Leishmaniasis (parasite affecting dogs)
  • Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)
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8
Q

lyme disease definition

A
  • an infectious condition caused by the spriochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted via the bite of lxodes ticks predomiantly found in wooded areas.
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9
Q

lyme disease epidemiology

A

The incidence of Lyme disease has been progressively increasing, with a significant proportion of cases originating from the northeastern regions of the USA and northern-eastern Europe.

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10
Q

what are some early symptoms of lyme disease (3-30 days after bite)?

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • headache
  • fatigue
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11
Q

what are some later symptoms/signs of lyme disease?

A
  • facial palsy
  • irregular heartbeat
  • dizziness
  • erythema migrans
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12
Q

describe neuroborreliosis in lyme disease

A
  • approx 15% of patients develop NB
  • triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis
  • onset of symptoms 2-6 (1-12) weeks after bite
  • preceded by erythema migrans in 30-50%
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13
Q

lyme disease investigations

A
  • is the erythema migrans rash present? If yes diagnose Lyme disease. If no then
  • consider ELISA testing
  • offer immunoblot test
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14
Q

what antibiotics are used to treat lyme disease?

A
  • doxycycline
  • amoxicillin
  • ceftriaxone (in the case of neuro lyme)
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15
Q

how is leptospirosis transmitted to humans?

A

Humans are incidental hosts:
- direct contact with infected animal
- contact with environment (water) contaminated with their urine

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16
Q

what is the incubation period of leptospirosis?

A

2-30 days (10-14)

17
Q

symptoms of leptospirosis

A
  • undifferentiated fever
  • myalgia
  • headaches
  • abdominal pain

Severe disease:
- Weil’s disease (triad of jaundice, AKI, bleeding)
- pulmonary haemorrhage (PH)

18
Q

leptospirosis investigations

A
  • clinical high suspicion
  • serology: IgM & IgG
  • microscopic agglutination test
19
Q

leptospirosis treatment

A
  • doxycycline
  • amoxicillin or azithromycin as second line
  • severe disease: ceftriaxone
20
Q

features of rabies

A
  • viral infection (lyssavirus) transmitted from the bite of an infected animal
  • wide range of wild animal transmitters: dogs (97%), bats, also monketys, foxes, racoons, skunks, wolves, cats
  • incubation period typically 1-3 months, may be years
21
Q

symptoms of rabies: both furious and paralytic

A

furious (70%):
- hydrophobia
- insomnia
- confusion
- agitation
- coma

paralytic (30%):
- ascending flaccid paralysis
- fever
- confusion
- coma

22
Q

rabies investigations

A
  • PCR of skin biopsy, saliva
  • often post mortem confirmation: brain biopsy
23
Q

rabies treatment

A
  • nil effective
  • Milwaukee protocol

Post exposure:
- fully immunised: 2 doses human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) day 0; day 3-7
- not immunised and immunocompetent: HRIG + 4 doses: 0, 3, 7, 21
- not immunised and immunocompromised: HRIG 5 doses: 0, 3, 7, 14, 30

24
Q

what is ebola?

A

a filovirus affecting West and central Africa

25
Q

what is the ebola incubation period?

A

2-21 days (average 8-10)

26
Q

ebola symptoms, both dry and wet

A

dry:
- fever
- fatigue
- aches and pains

wet:
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
- haemorrhage

27
Q

ebola investigations

A
  • PCR
  • serology: IgM and IgG
28
Q

ebola treatment

A
  • INZAMEB - 3 monoclonal antibodies
  • EBANGA - 1 monoclonal antibody
29
Q

ebola vaccination types

A
  • ervebo: 1 dose, used during an outbreak
  • zabdeno and mvabea: 2 doses (1 of each)

Infection Systems (13 decks)

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