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Research methods of human kinetics > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) Variables
– ‘other’ variables that could influence the dependent
– Moderator
A type of variable that cannot be manipulated that affects direction or strength of the relationship between IV and DV
– Mediator
Variable that can help explain the relationship between IV and
DV

A

extraneous

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2
Q

3 types of questions for a research study?

A

– Descriptive question
– Relationship question
– Difference question

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3
Q

• Seeks to describe phenomena or characteristics of a particular group of subjects
being studied
• Example
– What are the attitudes of parents of school-aged children toward the removal of vending machines selling coke in the school environment

What kind of research question is this?

A

descriptive question

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4
Q

• Investigates the degree to which two or more variables are associated with each other
• Example
– Is there an association between drinking coke and behaviour among school-aged children?

What type of research question is this?

A

relationship question

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5
Q

• Seeks to make comparisons between or within
groups of interest
• Example
– Does replacing coke with water reduce blood
glucose levels?

What type of research question is this?

A

difference question

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6
Q

Two principles of (blank)
– Less is more
– Simple is better

A

planning

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7
Q

• Consider special characteristics related to the research
– Demographics
– Training/performance (e.g. sedentary, novice)
– Size (e.g. weight, body fatness)

• What to mention about (blank)
– Number
– Eligibility (inclusion/exclusion) criteria
– How they were selected (e.g. random sample)

A

participants

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8
Q
  1. Are the participants appropriate for the research
    question?
  2. Are the participants representative of the
    population of interest?
  3. How many research participants should be used?

What are these the 3 basic questions of?

A

participation selection

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9
Q

• Population
– An entire group or aggregate of people or elements
having one or more common characteristics
• Sample
– A small subgroup of a population of interest thought
to be representative of that population
• Sampling
– The process of selecting a subgroup or sample of
the population
• Sampling Frame
– The accessible population from which the sample is
actually drawn

What kind of terms are these?

A

sampling terms

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10
Q 
• Random (blank)
– Enables the researcher to generalize the results to a 
larger population
– Sample “representativeness” 
– Unbiased selection

• Random (blank)
– Enables the researcher to assume that groups are
“equivalent” at the beginning of the study
• Adds control to a study
• Has nothing to do with the selection of the sample

A

selection

assignment

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11
Q

Every subset of a specified size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected

What type of sampling is this?

A

simple random sample

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12
Q

The population is divided into two or more groups called
strata, according to some criterion, such as geographic
location, grade level, age, or income, and subsamples
are randomly selected from each strata.

What type of sampling is this?

A

stratified random sample

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13
Q

• The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like
families. A simple random sample is taken of the
subgroups and then all members of the cluster selected
are surveyed.

What type of sampling is this?

A

cluster sample

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14
Q

Every nth member ( e.g., every 5th person) is selected
from a list of all population members.

What type of sampling is this?

A

systematic sample

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15
Q

– Participants purposively selected because they
possess certain traits that are critical to the study
• Limited generalizability
• E.g., Elite athletes for a biomechanics study

What type of sampling is this?

A

purposeful/judgement sampling

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16
Q
  • Selection of whichever individuals are easiest to reach
  • It is done at the “convenience” of the researcher

What type of sampling is this?

A
  • Selection of whichever individuals are easiest to reach

* It is done at the “convenience” of the researcher

17
Q

Questions to consider in selecting (blank)
– Validity and reliability
– Difficulty of obtaining measures
– Access to and use of equipment or tests
– Participant burden

A

instruments

18
Q 
• (blank) Approach
– Descriptive
– Experimental
– Quasi-experimental
• Pre-test/post-test, repeatedmeasures
• Data analysis plan
– Analysis and interpretation
• Quantitative or qualitative
– Type of statistical analysis
– Level of significance (if applicable)
A

research

19
Q 
• Observation
– Watch and record relevant information
• Direct observation
• Indirect observation
• Participant observation

• Measurement
– Test / apply a device to measure certain variables

• Questioning
– Ask questions to obtain information

Three basic techniques of what?

A

data collection

20
Q

(blank) Observation
• Researcher directly observes research participants
• Participants usually know they are being observed
• Researcher’s presence might change the way the
research participants act

A

direct

21
Q

(blank) Observation
• Participants are filmed or videotaped
– Aware they are being observed
• Researcher views tape

A

indirect

22
Q

(blank) Observation
• Observer participates in the research setting with
the research participants
– Considerable time often spent in the natural
setting developing field notes
• Qualitative research methodology

A

participant

23
Q 
Major categories of (blank) include
– Physical
– Cognitive
– Affective
Typically pencil/paper self-report scales

• Physical
– e.g., muscular strength, blood pressure, physiological
responses to exercise
• Cognitive
– e.g., knowledge on innumerable topics (physical
activity, nutrition, safe sex practices, etc.)
• Affective
– e.g., opinion, attitude, interest, personality traits,
motivation, self-concept

A

measures

24
Q

• (blank) research
– Most common type of descriptive research
– Mailed, researcher administered, online, over phone
– Mixed methods possible – quantitative and qualitative

• Most common formats
– Open-ended questions - respondents answer freely
– Close-ended questions - specific response required
• Ranking (e.g., put in order)
• Scaled items (e.g., 1 – 5)
• Categorical response – only 2 choices (e.g., yes/no)

A

survey

25
Q 
– Structured 
• Structured order of questions
• Less bias, interviewer may not know about the research
– Unstructured 
• No set format to questions
• Allows for follow up to responses
• Interviewer usually knowledgeable on the topic
– Semi-structured
• General order for questions
• Allows for follow up questions

What are these 3 types of?

A

interviews

26
Q 
(blank) Interview
• An interview with groups of people
• Stimulates free expression …hopefully!
• Usually 8-12 participants 
• Facilitator guides the discussion
– Should have knowledge in the area
• Limited generalizability
• Common characteristic in the group
A

focus group

27
Q 
(blank) Selection
• Thoroughly review the literature
• Assess suitability
– Reliability - consistency with which it measures
– Validity - measures what it is supposed to 
measure
– NEXT CLASS ^
– Objectivity - free from scorer bias
– Appropriateness to current study
– Ease of administration and scoring
A

instrument

28
Q

Instrument (blank)
• If an instrument is found, but it is not quite
acceptable for the current research situation, it
may be modified or revised
• Obtain permission before revising copyrighted
instrument
• If changes are major, may be necessary to
determine new indices of reliability and validity of
the revised instrument

A

revision

29
Q

what are the 9 steps of the research proposal

A
  1. introduction
  2. problem statement
  3. hypothesis
  4. literature review
  5. methods
  6. limitations
  7. significance
  8. references
  9. appendix items

Research methods of human kinetics (10 decks)

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