Lecture 9 Flashcards
Baumeister & Leary (1995), What are the three important functions relationships serve?
- Instrumental
- emotional
- Informational
Fiske’s (1991) four relational models
- Communal sharing
- Authority ranking
- Equality matching
- Market pricing
They are pervasive, exhaustive and generative
Communal sharing model is
Organises relationships in terms of collective belonging or sharing (like mother-child)
Authority ranking model is
organises relationships in asymmetrical terms. Individuals are hierarchically organised with higher-ranked individuals having the authority to organise/dominate (like boss)
Equality matching model is
Relationships are organised with reference to their degree of balance
Market pricing model is
relationships are organised to a common scale of ratio values such as money
Mere exposure model (zajonc 1968)
frequency of encountering a neutral or positive stimulus enhances its evaluation (we like people we see often) - physical proximity
Snyder, Tanke and Berschied (1997) female attractiveness study
Led males to believe they would have conversation with either highly attractive or less attractive female (same female). Then conversations ranked. Those who were told she was highly attractive rated more sociable, interesting etc
Berscheid et al (1971) intimate partners
tend to be similar in attractiveness
Opposites attract?
not very often: similarity is a common and significant cause of attraction (age, religion, race, social class, attitudes)
Heider’s (1958) balance theory
- we organise likes and dislikes in symmetrical way
- Triangles!
Festinger (1954) Social comparison theory
When we learn someone has the same attitudes and beliefs as us, it feels good as it suggest we have sound judgement
Condon & Crano (1988) study
Participants expressed attitudes to range of topics.
Two days later evaluated person to shared 100%, 67%, 33% and 0% of attitudes.
Half were told that the other person had read their survey and judged them positively.
Robins and Boldero (2005) actual and ought selves
- Individuals also compare their own and their partners ideal and ought selves
- When own and pot. partner’s actual selves are similar (this person likes me)
- When pot. partner is like one’s ideal self (this person is how i would like to be)
- When pot. partner is like one’s ought self (this person is how i should be)
Reciprocity in relationships
Direct reciprocity: we like others who like us.
Reciprocity via good moods
Reciprocity via rewards
Models of love (Sternberg’s 1986)
- Intimacy (close connected, bonded)
- Passion (romance, physical and sexual)
- Commitment (deciding about and maintaining love)
Sternberg’s love types
Non-love (none) Liking Infatuation Empty Romantic Companionate Fatuous Consummate (all three)
Three types of interdependence
Cognitive (intextricably linked)
Behavioural (influence each other)
Affective (emotions influenced)
Cognitive interdependence (Aron, Aron and Smollens (1992)
Circle picture of circles that best describes relationship
Equity Theory (Walster, Walester and Berscheid 1978)
Relationships perceived to be fair if each persons outcomes are proportional to their contributions
Interdependence Theory (Thibaut and Kelly 1959)
Individuals are motivated to maximise rewards relative to costs in relationships
- Individuals compare relationship to two standards (Comparison level (CL) and the comparision level for alternatives (CLalt)
Investment Model (Rusbult 1980)
extention of interdependence theory. includes commitment and investments.
Commitment is function of high satisfaction, few alternatives and high investment
Satisfaction is function of rewards minus costs
Investment = resources put into relationships
Ideal Standards Model (Simpson, Fletcher and Campbell 2001)
- partner and relationship ideals are chronically accessible knowledge
–> three functions
Evaluation, Explanation and regulation
Adult Attachment (Hazen and Shaver 1987)
Secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent
