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PSY240 > lecture 9+ch7/8 > Flashcards

lecture 9+ch7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

state and describe the 4 levels of substance involvement

A

substance use (ingestion of psychoactive substance in moderate amounts, does NOT significantly interfere w functioning)

intoxication (excessive substance use resulting in impaired judgement, mood changes, lower motor ability)

substance abuse (pattern of excessive or harmful use that significantly interferes w functioning)

substance dependence aka addiction (compulsive drug seeking behaviour, loss of control over usage, -ve emotional state when drug is not available. psychological + physiological dependence)

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2
Q

which level of substance involvement is most problematic

A

substance dependence

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3
Q

state (dont describe) the 4 reasons why substance dependence is so difficult to overcome

A
  1. people become dependent
  2. you get trapped in the IRISA cycle (Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution)
  3. substances alter your neurochemistry
  4. reinforcement
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4
Q

list and describe the two ways in which addicts become dependent on their substances

A

physiological dependence
- brain depends on drug to function now
- there are two forms: tolerance (require more of the drug to feel it) and withdrawal (bad physical and psychological symptoms after reducing usage)

psychological dependence
- repeated use of the drug that they cannot control (lose self control)
- cravings to ingest more of the drug
- increased likelihood of relapse

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5
Q

Describe the IRISA cycle

A
  1. ingest enough to be intoxicated and lose your self awareness
  2. lose ability to stop taking the substance (i.e. binge)
  3. withdrawal if there is no access to the drug (amotivation and anhedonia .. explained in later flashcard)
  4. cravings, so they seek out the substance

then the cycle repeats!

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6
Q

what does IRISA stand for

A

impaired response inhibition and salience attribution

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7
Q

VERY GENERALLY, how do drugs alter neurochemistry?

A

they act on reward centers of the brain and cause dysfunction, by increasing dopamine release

hence, the brain thinks the substance is a reward!

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8
Q

what are reward centers of the brain responsible for?

A

assigning rewards

producing +ve affect

learning and association

(all of these functions contribute to +ve reinforcement)

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9
Q

what is the main reward center in the brain?

A

mesolimbic dopamine system (MDS)

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10
Q

true or false: only some structures in the mesolimbic dopamine system make dopamine.

A

FALSE, all the structures in here make dopamine!

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11
Q

what two brain areas do drugs increase dopamine release in?

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

nucleus accumbens (NA)

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12
Q

explain the relationship between NICOTINE and dopamine brain areas

A

nic increases dopamine released by the VTA

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13
Q

explain the relationship between OPIATES (their secondary action) and dopamine brain areas

A

mimic dopamine action in the NA, so brain acts like there is increased dopamine in NA

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13
Q

explain the relationship between ALCOHOL + OPIATES and dopamine brain areas

A

binds to inhibitory neurons in VTA –> less inhibition in VTA –> more dopamine produced

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14
Q

explain the relationship between COCAINE and dopamine brain areas

A

stimulates the release of dopamine from VTA and blocks reuptake of dopamine

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15
Q

explain the relationship between OTHER DRUGS (not listed) and dopamine brain areas

A

alter NA and VTA responses to GLUTAMATE

this heightens memories of past drug experiences, leading to cravings

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16
Q

explain prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction (how drugs alter its neurochemistry)

A

the PFC no longer properly regulates dopamine, leading to cravings and compulsive use

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17
Q

explain how reinforcement contributes to why addiction is hard to overcome

A

positive reinforcement
- pleasure, we continue to engage in it bc it feels good
- endorphins and dopamine create pleasure

negative reinforcement
- we use this to avoid withdrawal or reduce withdrawal symptoms

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18
Q

DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder

A

at least two symptoms (from the slides) within a 12 month period. examples are:
- strong cravings
- tolerance develops or withdrawal is present

causes significant impairment or distress

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19
Q

true or false: under the DSM-5, clinicians can specify the type of substance for substance use disorders.

A

TRUE, an example is alcohol use disorder

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20
Q

what drugs are considered depressants?

A

alcohol

opiates/opioids

sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics

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21
Q

differentiate between heavy drinking and binge drinking for men and women.

A

heavy:
>1/day for women, >2/day for men

binge: >=4 for women, >=5 for men

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22
Q

how does alcohol impact our brain and body

A

it impacts every major organ once in our bloodstream

for the brain, it has stimulant and depressant effects (involves dopamine, GABA, serotonin, opioids, and glutamate)

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23
Q

what do opiates/opioids make you feel?

A

drowsy, euphoric, analgesic (numb to pain I think)

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24
how do opiates/opioids impact our brain and us generally?
increase dopamine and bind to endorphin sites leads to quick tolerance, frequent withdrawal symptoms, cravings, accidental overdoses, and more risk for bloodborne illnesses
25
what is the relationship bw benzodiazepines and alcohol
combining them can be dangerous since alcohol compounds depressant effect of benzos (a lot of ppl OD from this combo)
26
what drugs fall under stimulants
caffeine amphetamine cocaine
27
describe the effect of caffiene as a stimulant
impacts serotonin and adenosine
28
describe the effect of amphetamines as a stimulant
produce euphoria, changes in sociability, anger, anxiety, tension, poor judgement enhance norepinephrine and dopamine activity
29
describe the effect of cocaine as a stimulant
euphoria, increased blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia, paranoia, less appetite
30
what % of the US population uses tobacco products? what about Canada?
26.7% for USA 18% for CAN
31
what category does nicotine/tobacco fall under, stimulant or depressant?
BOTH! has multiple effects stimulant: releases dopamine, acetylcholine and epinephrine depressant: act like opiates and releases endorphines
32
effect of hallucinogens
vivid sensory experiences less addictive, so no compulsive drug seeking behaviours we dont know how it impacts the brain much, but LSD might increase serotonin and dopamine
33
effect of dissociatives anesthetics
dream like detachment cough medicine can be misused (turn into lean/sizzurp)
34
effect of inhalants
brief effects like impaired coordination and judgement, euphoria, dizziness first time use can even cause stroke or heart failure... spooky!
35
what age group use inhalants most?`
younger ppl
36
designer drug examples+ effects
ecstasy, bath salts, "club drugs" a high followed by a crash ecstasy use can accelerate physiological dependence development
37
effects of cannabis and hashish
THC produces euphoria, tranquility and passiveness, with mild perceptual and sensory distortions unique effect: lack of concern regarding consequences
38
biological causes of substance disorders: GENES
several genetic factors, such as genes that influence alcohol breakdown in liver epigenetic and environmental factors as well tho
39
biological causes of substance disorders: BRAIN FUNCTION
altered reward circuit low lvls of dopamine
40
psychological causes of substance disorders (list them)
behavioural (operant/classical conditioning) cognitive (expectancy effect .. find out wtf this is) coping w life stress behavioural issues (risk taking, impulsive)
41
social/cultural causes of substance disorders (list)
childhood maltreatment victimization social norms/advertisements passive family/friend attitudes
42
2 main steps to treatment for substance disorders
remove drug from system increase understanding of factors related to the addiction and develop a future plan
43
antagonist treatment for substance disorders
provide drug that blocks action of addictive drug (ex; naltrexone)
44
aversive treatment for substance disorder
provide drug that produces unpleasant effect when addictive drug used (ex; disulfiram)
45
agonist substitution treatment for substance disorder
provide safer drug that has chemical makeup similar to addictive drug (ex; methadone)
46
psychological treatment for substance disorders (list)
12 step program (AA) controlled use self control strategy component treatment social skills training cue exposure training relapse prevention
47
under self control strategies for substance disorder treatment, state the ABCs
Antecedents Behaviours Consequences
48
what is a component treatment?
combines meds and psycho treatment
49
list other addictive / impulse control disorders (there are 4!)
gambling disorder kleptomania (stealing) pyromania(starting fires) internet gaming disorder
50
list the feeding disorders
pica rumination avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
51
pica
eating non nutritive or non edible substances
52
rumination disorder
repeated regurgitation of food
53
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
lack of interest in certain food , leading to weight loss or nutrition deficiency
54
treatment for feeding disorders
first, treat nutritional deficiencies then, psychotherapy: for avoidant/restrictive: behavioural therapy (learn +ve association bw eating and foods that they wouldn't typically choose) for pica: aversive therapy (put bitter tasting thing on their tongue and then put the non nutritive substance in their mouth so that they form an association)
55
anorexia nervosa + age onset
low body weight and fear of being obese body image issues and distortion adolesence (13-20)
56
subtypes of anorexia
restricting: weight loss through severe dieting or exercising binge eating/purging: self induced vomiting to control weight after a binge
57
physical complications of anorexia
high death rate by suicide, substance use, and the effects of starvation
58
bulimia nervosa
episodes of rapid consumption of large amounts of food, with loss of control over eating this is followed by a purge, excessive exercise or fasting they realize this is not normal and hide it from others eating tends to be their coping mechanism for bad thoughts or stress
59
what is more common: anorexia or bulimia?
bulimia
60
health concerns of bulimia nervosa
the vomiting can damage your teeth enamel as well as your gastrointestinal tract
61
binge eating disorder
bingeing and feeling loss of control combined with distress, which is usually triggered by poor mood or cravings unlike bulimia or binge eating disorder, there is no purging after the binge. hence, often overweight MUST HAVE a history of binge episodes at least once a week, for 3 months MUST HAVE 3 symptoms from the list (i'll just give 3 random ones here): - eating large amounts of food when not hungry - eating alone due to embarrassment about quantity - feeling guilty after bingeing
62
how to differentiate between the different eating disorders
look at the AMOUNT of food eaten, if very little, then likely a form of anorexia (binge/purge, restrictive) look at the WEIGHT of the person (anorexic=underweight, bulimic are normal, and binge eating are overweight) look at AGE of onset (anorexia = adolescence, bulimia and binge eating disorder = **note: atypical anorexia is an exception, as they are normal weight.
63
biological cause of eating disorders
genes: - runs in family - genes that influence availability of dopamine and regulation of serotonin pubertal weight gain dysregulation of hormones that control hunger and satiety brain anomalies: - sometimes restricting or binging causes release in endogenous opiods (neurotransmitters that nmake u feel good), so an association can be formed
64
psychological causes of eating disorders
body dissatisfaction low self esteem perfectionism overvaluation of appearance maladaptive beliefs about food and body reinforcement
65
sociocultural cause of eating disorders
societal standards for physical attractiveness stigma around obesity
66
treatment for anorexia
FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS weight gain and fixing nutrition deficiency then, psychological: - understand + cooperate w nutritional and physical rehab - identify dysfunctional beliefs - improve relationships - address other psych disorders - family therapy
67
treatment for bulimia
cbt
68
treatment for binge eating disorder
focus on factors that trigger bingeing find strategies to reduce binges

PSY240 (6 decks)

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