Lecture 9 - Connective Tissue, Cartilage Structure And Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major types of connective tissue?

A

Bone, tendon, cartilage, derma and fascia

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2
Q

What are two types of specialised connective tissue?

A

Umbilical cord and kidney Cortex

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3
Q

Derma = and fascia =

A

Skin and membrane in the muscle (it is a thin casing of connective tissues that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fibre and muscle in place

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4
Q

What do all connective tissues have in common?

A

Few cells, and lots of the Extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance)

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5
Q

What are some types of fibres?

A

Collagen and elastin

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6
Q

How are fibres arranged?

A

They are arranged in parallel or crisscrossed meshwork

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7
Q

What does elastin do?

A

It makes the tissues stretchy

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8
Q

Is elastin a protein?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is found in the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

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10
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrous and elastic

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11
Q

Where do you find hyaline cartilage?

A

In your joints (articulating surfaces) has a white/blue colour

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12
Q

Where do you find fibrous cartilage?

A

In nearly all fibres, it is used for if you damage cartilage in your knee for example the body will repair with fibrous cartilage.

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13
Q

What is a problem with fibrous cartilage?

A

It is not reversible compressible whereas hyaline is

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14
Q

What happens if you put pressure on fibrous cartilage?

A

It will stay compressed - find this in the annulus fibrous (an invertebral disc)

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15
Q

Where do you find elastic cartilage?

A

In your ear lobes and epiglottis, it makes tissues stretchy

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16
Q

What does hyaline cartilage form?

A

Forms the distal end of ribs

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17
Q

Where is hyaline cartilaginous plates found?

A

Nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi

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18
Q

What are hyaline cartilage both?

A

They are both firm and flexible

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19
Q

What are hyaline cartilages flexible and resilience for?

A

For compressive forces which is helped by the proteoglycan content

20
Q

What are hyaline cartilages rigid and have tensile strength for?

A

Collagen content

21
Q

What is the bone underneath the cartilage called?

A

The subchondral bone

22
Q

What is found in the capsule of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joint

23
Q

What sits on top of the synovial capsule?

A

Skin but it is minimal and its called the perichondrium

24
Q

Where do the nutrients come from in the synovial fluid?

A

The nutrients comes from the synovial fluid, subchrondral bone and perichondrium through diffusion from the blood

25
Q

What does cartilage not have?

A

It does not have nerve or blood supply

26
Q

Because cartilage doesn’t have any blood supply which means it gets its nutrients from diffusion - what does this mean?

A

Cartilage can be immune privileged, the chondrocyte nutrient supply is slow

27
Q

What happens when accelerated diffusion stops in the joints?

A

Cartilage is destroyed and there is an increase in hydroxyproline circulating which is an important amino acid for the structure of collagen.

28
Q

How is hyaline cartilage arranged?

A

It is arranged in a crisscross matrix

29
Q

What is inside the ‘net’ of hyaline cartilage?

A

You find proteoglycans and they have a highly negative charge as they contain lots of sulphate and carboxylic acid groups therefore can hold a lot of water

30
Q

Hyaline cartilage is highly …..

A

Hydrated

31
Q

How does Hyaline cartilage prevent swelling pressure of the proteoglycans?

A

Collagen stops this from happening

32
Q

What happens when you put force on hyaline cartilage?

A

Water will move out - this happen by point compression

33
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

It protects the bone underneath

34
Q

What is collagen made up of?

A

30% glycine, 30% proline and hydroxylysine

35
Q

What is a little amino acid?

A

Glycine - collagen contains this it is helpful for collagen as the structure for collagen is twisted so need glycine to fill in

36
Q

What is important for collagen?

A

The OH groups form hydrogen bonds they are important for the structure of collagen when tropocollagen forms together - becomes insoluble

37
Q

What is tropocollagen?

A

It is a type II trans helix

38
Q

What is a co-factor that helps proline?

A

Vitamin C

39
Q

What is the structure if tropocollagen?

A

3 alpha chains wound together, glycine + two amino acids which are held together by Hydrogen bonds

40
Q

What collagens form fibril forming collagens?

A

Collagens 1,2,3,5,11,24,27

41
Q

What collagens are beaded filaments?

A

Collagen 6

42
Q

What collagens are anchoring fibrils?

A

Collagen 7

43
Q

What collagens are networks?

A

Collagens 4,8,10

44
Q

What collagens are anchoring basement membrane collagens?

A

15 and 18

45
Q

What collagens are collagens with transmembrane domains?

A

13,17 and 25

46
Q

What is the main collage in cartilage?

A

Type II