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PSYC 441-MIDTERM > Lecture 9: Structural brain changes in sz (Part II) > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Structural brain changes in sz (Part II) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Key structural differences in SZ?

A

1) Enlarged ventricles
2) Decrease in whole-brain volumes
3) Reduced volume of the temporal lobe
- Auditory and superior temporal gyrus
- Hippocampus
4) Prefrontal cortex
5) Basal ganglia (dopamine system)
6) Mirror neuron system

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2
Q

Changes in the _______ are related to changes in total brain volume.

A

ventricles

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3
Q

Structural differences are ______ for people recently diagnosed with SZ compared to those with chronic symptoms

A

similar

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4
Q

What are the structural differences that are similar in 1st episode and chronic SZ?

  • Brain changes occur ______ in development
  • Brain changes may occur _______
A
  • early in development
  • before the onset of symptoms
    [May be early indicators of possible disorder]
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5
Q

However we found increasing evidence that there are ___________

A

changes over time

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6
Q

Ventricles enlarge and total brain volume decreases in SZ which is related to ______________ (hint: 3)

A
  • Symptom severity
  • Cognitive measures
  • Poor outcome
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7
Q

There are specific changes in grey and white matter in which areas of the brain?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes and the connections between them

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8
Q

What were the main findings of the Three group comparison (chan, 2011) study?

Regions where brain structure is different than controls are:

1) _________
2) ___________
Greater changes in ___________

A

1) Left frontal lobe
2) Bilateral auditory regions
Greater changes in chronic SZ as disease progresses

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9
Q

In first episode SZ, reduced volume in ____and ___ lobes were found.

A

frontal and temporal

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10
Q

More specifically, in 1st episode SZ, there was a reduced volume in which regions?

A

1) Frontal episodic memory regions

2) Auditory regions

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11
Q

They also found that the basal ganglia was reduced in the _____ group compared to _____ group

A

Basal ganglia reduced in Chronic compared to 1st Episode

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12
Q

Some auditory and frontal regions smaller in ________ group compared to _____ group

A

Some auditory and frontal regions smaller in 1st Episode compared to chronic.

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13
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) only looks at ____ matter

A

white

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14
Q

DTI is a measure of what?

A

A measure of:

  • number,
  • integrity (health)
  • and myelination of fibres connecting different brain regions
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15
Q

DTI studies have shown us that people with SZ often show _____ diffusion: _____ integrity, ____ myelination, ______ fibres

A

People with SZ often show greater diffusion:

lower integrity, less myelination, fewer fibres

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16
Q

People with SZ often show greater diffusion: lower integrity, less myelination, fewer fibres in which lobes?

A

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

17
Q

People with SZ often show greater diffusion in temporal and frontal lobes. What is the hypothesis concerning these changes?

A

These changes may not be present at initial diagnosis

18
Q

Grey matter changes ___________

White matter changes __________

A

Grey matter changes present early

White matter changes develop over time

19
Q

SZ showed reduced or damage white matter in tracts connecting which regions? ( Kelly, 2018) [ hint: 3]

A

1) Temporal, parietal and frontal lobes (attention, mirror neuron)
2) connection between hemispheres (corpus callosum)
3) Cingulate (attention, error monitoring) to frontal

20
Q

Pantelis study (2003) looked at 1st episode versus high risk SZ patients in a cross-sectional comparison, what was their findings? [high-risk means they had a relative with SZ].

In which lobes did they find reductions?

A

frontal and temporal

21
Q

Then in the Pantelis (2002), they looked at longitudinal comparisons comparing people who developed psychosis to 1st episodes patients. What was their finding? What were the Changes in those who developed SZ?

A

Reductions in frontal and cerebellum

22
Q

Are changes in brain volume in specific areas related to specific symptoms?

In general, temporal lobe volumes related to _____, frontal lobe related to __________.

A

positive symptoms (ex: Temporal lobe and thought disorder)

negative symptoms.

23
Q

What were the findings of the The Shenton (1992) study on Temporal lobe and hippocampus related to thought disorder?

Methodology:

1) Measured volumes of superior temporal lobe (auditory) and hippocampus
2) Assessed thought disorder
[Responded to a picture, rated content, logical flow, grammatical structure]

A
  • Both showed reduced volume in SZ
  • Volume negatively related to thought disorder
    (Lower volume –> Higher thought disorder)
24
Q

Similar brain regions associated with Bipolar, but changes are _______

A

smaller

25
Q

PTSD and Alzheimer’s disease both show changes in the __________

A

hippocampus

26
Q

Because the frontal lobe, temporal lobes and hippocampus are so important for cognitive function, perhaps not surprising that they are involved in many disorders. However, this means that _________

A

there is no diagnostic marker based on brain structure

27
Q

The Mirror neuron system and SZ was observed in the Sally-Anne task with SZ and healthy controls (Mehta, 2014), what were the main findings?

A

Reduced activity in the mirror neuron system

28
Q

This reduced mirror neuron activity (Sally-Anne task) was related to:

  • Poorer performance on _____________
  • More _______ symptoms
A
  • social cognition

- negative symptoms [Impoverished emotional expression, reduced sociality, poor motivation]

29
Q

Grey matter and white matter changes in SZ are most constantly found in which regions of the brain?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

30
Q

What is another consistent finding in SZ?

A

Enlargement of ventricles and reduced brain volume

31
Q

Cognitive deficits were associated with ____ and ____

A

symptom severity and outcome

32
Q

In SZ, early differences may be present ________

A

before symptom onset

33
Q

Later changes may be related to ___________

A
  • disease progression,
  • medication,
  • other psychosocial factors such as stress, drugs or alcohol

PSYC 441-MIDTERM (12 decks)

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