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Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) > (Lecture) Bacterial Structure and Function, Growth and Nutrition > Flashcards

(Lecture) Bacterial Structure and Function, Growth and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How many percent of known microbes can cause disease?

A

3% to 5%

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2
Q

Microbes that do not cause disease is called _____

A

Nonpathogens

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3
Q

_____ bacteria are prokaryotic cells that infect eukaryotic hosts.

A

Pathogenic (Disease-causing)

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4
Q

Inhibits bacterial growth without harming eukaryotic host cells.

A

Antibiotic Action

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5
Q

The site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

_____ and _____ are found free in the cytoplasm/attached to the cytoplasmic membrane

A

RNA and Protein

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7
Q

Ribosomes are _____ in size

A

70S

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8
Q

70S

The “S” after the number means _____

A

Svedberg Unit

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9
Q

Ribosomes are 70S in size and dissociates into two subunits which are the _____ and _____

A

50S
30S

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10
Q

Refers to the sedimentation rate of a particle during high speed centrifugation

A

Svedberg Unit

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11
Q

Storage deposits and may consist of polysaccharides such as _____, lipids such as _____ or _____.

A

Glycogen
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
Polyphosphates

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12
Q

Small, dormant (inactive) asexual spores that developinside the bacterial cell (active vegetative cell) as a means of survival

A

Endospore

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13
Q

_____ and _____ produce endospores in response to harsh environmental conditions

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

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14
Q

Spores that are found at the tips of the bacterial cell

A

Terminal Spore

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15
Q

Spores that are found near the ends or tip of the bacterial cell

A

Subterminal Spore

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16
Q

Spores that are found at the center

A

Central Spore

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17
Q

Identify the Type of Endospore:

Clostridium tetani

A

Terminal Spore

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18
Q

Identify the Type of Endospore:

Clostridium botulinum

A

Subterminal Spore

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19
Q

Identify the Type of Endospore:

Bacillus anthracis

A

Central Spore

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20
Q

Most used endospore stain

A

Schaeffer-Fulton Stain

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21
Q

A bacteria that gives the organism a characteristic tennis racquet-shaped or lollipop-shaped appearance.

A

Clostridium tetani

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22
Q

A structure that is composed of phospolipids and proteins but do not contain the lipid sterol unlike the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells an exception to this is the mycoplasma which contains sterols in their plasma membrane

A

Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane

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23
Q

(Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes) have a high osmotic pressure inside the cell

A

Prokaryotes

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24
Q

Acts as an osmotic barrier

A

Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane

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25
Q

Location of the electron transport chain, where energy is generated.

A

Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane

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26
Q

A rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell

A

Cell Wall

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27
Q

2 Major Types of Cell Wall

A
  1. Gram-positive
  2. Gram-negative
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28
Q

A Type of Cell Wall that appears blue to purple under the microscope

A

Gram-positive

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29
Q

A Type of Cell Wall that appears pink under the microscope

A

Gram-negative

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30
Q

_____ have a modified cell wall called acid-fast cell wall.

A

Mycobacteria

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31
Q

Mycobacteria have a modified cell wall called _____

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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32
Q

This specie/s have no cell wall

A

Mycoplasmas

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33
Q

Functions of Cell Wall:

A
  1. Prevents bursting of the cell from the high osmotic pressure inside it
  2. Serves a point of anchorage for flagella
  3. Determining the staining characteristic of
    species
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34
Q

Cell Wall that has a Very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer – principal component

A

Gram-positive Cell Wall

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35
Q

Gram-positive consist of polysaccharide/glycan chains which are the:

A

N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)

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36
Q

A Type of Cell Wall in which the inner peptidoglycan layer is much thinner

A

Gram-negative Cell Wall

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37
Q

This part adds in the permeability of the cell wall

A

Porins

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38
Q

Three Regions of Lipopolysaccharide in the Gram-negative Cell Wall:

A

o Antigenic O-specific polysaccharide
o Core polysaccharide
o Inner lipid A (also called endotoxin)

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39
Q

This is responsible for fever experienced by those patients infected with gramnegative bacteria

A

Lipid A

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40
Q

Cell wall that is difficult to stain with Gram Stain

A

Acid-fast Cell Wall

41
Q

Gram-positive cell wall structure but also contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall

A

Acid-fast Cell Wall

42
Q

Specie/s that are best stained with an acid-fast stain

A

Mycobacterium
Nocardia

43
Q

Acid-fast microbes appear _____ and Non-acid-fast bacteria appears _____

A

Red
Blue

44
Q

In acid fast staining the bacterial smear is first stained with _____ decolorized with _____ and counterstained with _____

A

Carbolfuchsin
Acid Alcohol
Methylene Blue

45
Q

Absence of Cell Wall are seen in what specie/s of bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma

46
Q

Bacteria can lose their cell walls and grow as _____ in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane

A

L-forms

47
Q

 Derived from gram-positive bacteria and totally lacking cell walls
 Unstable and osmotically fragile
 Produced artificially by
lysozyme and hypertonic medium
 Require hypertonic conditions for
maintenance

A

Protoplasts

48
Q

 Derived from gram-negative bacteria
 Retain some residual but non-functional cell wall material
 Osmotically fragile; produced by growth with penicillin
 Must be maintained in hypertonic medium

A

Spheroplasts

49
Q

 Cell wall deficient forms of bacteria usually produced in the laboratory
 Sometimes spontaneously formed in the body of patients treated with penicillin; more stable than protoplasts or spheroplasts, they can replicate in ordinary media.

A

L-Forms

50
Q

 Discrete organized covering
 Usually made of polysaccharide
polymers, although they may also be
made of polypeptides
 Act as virulence factors in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis
 Removal is accomplished by boiling a suspension of the microorganism
 Does not ordinarily stain with use of
common laboratory stains, such as
Gram or India ink

A

Capsule

51
Q

 Like capsules but are more diffuse layers surrounding the cell
 Also are made of polysaccharides
 Serve either to inhibit phagocytosis or, in some cases, to aid in adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants

A

Slime Layer

52
Q

Organ of locomotion and survivability

A

Flagella

53
Q

Whip-like structures that aid in locomotion or movement the number and location of the flagella within the bacterial cell can vary within different species

A

Flagella

54
Q

A single flagellum at one end

A

Pola/Monotrichous

55
Q

A group or tuft of flagella are present at one pole of the bacterial cell

A

Lopotrichous

56
Q

Flagella are present on both ends or poles

A

Amphitrichous

57
Q

Flagellus sprouts from all sides of the
bacterial cell

A

Peritrichous

58
Q

Tufts of flagella are present on both ends of the bacterial cell

A

Amphilophotrichous

59
Q

Bacteria without flagella

A

Atrichous

60
Q

Are nonmotile, long (2µm in length), hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange

A

Pili

61
Q

A pili that functions as a genetic transfer or organ of attachement

A

Common Pili or Somatic Pili

62
Q

A pili that functions for genetic transfer or conjugation process

A

Sex Pilus

63
Q

Are non-flagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hair-like appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environmental surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

64
Q

List down the Bacterial Classification based on their Characteristics:

A

o Morphology and arrangement
o Staining pili
o Cultural characteristics
o Biochemical reactions
o Antigenic structure
o Base composition of bacterial DNA

65
Q

Shapes of Bacteria:

A

Cocci (Spherical)
Bacilli (Rod-Shaped)
Spirochetes (Spiral)

66
Q

Cocci in pairs are called _____

A

Diplococci

67
Q

Cocci in chains are called _____

A

Streptococci

68
Q

Cocci in clusters are called _____

A

Staphylococci

69
Q

Important environmental factors influence the growth rate of bacteria:

A

pH
Temperature
Gaseous Composition of the Atmosphere

70
Q

Diagnostic laboratory media for bacteria are usually adjusted to a final pH between _____ and _____

A

7.0
7.5

71
Q

Are nonmotile, long (2µm in length), hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange

A

Pili

72
Q

Those that thrives at temperature between 10°C to 20°C are called _____

A

Psychrophiles

73
Q

Psychrophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____

A

10 degree Celsius
20 degree Celsius

74
Q

Those that grow between 20° to 40° are called _____

A

Mesophiles

75
Q

Mesophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____

A

20 degree Celsius
40 degree Celsius

76
Q

Those that grow between 50 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius are called _____

A

Thermophiles

77
Q

Thermophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____

A

50 degree Celsius
60 degree Celsius

78
Q

_____ require oxygen for their
growth

A

Obligate Aerobes

79
Q

Can grow either with or without oxygen but growth is enhanced in the
presence of oxygen

A

Facultative Anaerobes

80
Q

Cannot grow in the presence of
oxygen in the atmosphere

A

Obligate Anaerobes

81
Q

Can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not utilize oxygen in their metabolism

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

82
Q

_____ organisms require a reduced level of oxygen for growth.

A

Microaerophiles

83
Q

_____ organisms require an atmosphere enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)

A

Capnophilic

84
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called _____

A

Binary Fission

85
Q

Phase where bacteria are preparing to divide

A

Lag Phase

86
Q

Lag Phase is also known as _____

A

Period of Rejuvenescence

87
Q

Phase on which bacterial numbers
increase logarithmically

A

Log Phase

88
Q

Log Phase is also known as _____

A

Exponential Phase

89
Q

Phase where nutrients are becoming
limited and the numbers of bacteria remain constant (although viability may decrease)

A

Stationary Phase

90
Q

Stationary Phase is also known as _____

A

Plateau Phase

91
Q

Phase where the number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells.

A

Death Phase

92
Q

Death Phase is also known as _____

A

Decline Phase

93
Q

The number of bacterial cells can determined using the following methods:

A

Direct Counting under the Microscope
Direct Plate Count
Density of Measurement

94
Q

Metabolic Differences as Phenotypic Markers in the Identification of Bacteria:

A
  1. Utilization of various substrates as a carbon source
  2. Production of specific end products from various substrates
  3. Production of an acid or alkaline pH in the test medium
95
Q

An anaerobic process meaning it
proceeds without the need for oxygen and this is why it is employed by obligate and facultative anaerobes

A

Fermentation

96
Q

Fermentation is employed by what type/s of Anaerobic Processes?

A

Obiligate Aerobe
Facultative Anaerobe
Aerotolerant Anaerobe

97
Q

Three major biochemical pathways bacteria use to break down glucose to pyruvic acid:

A

o Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Glycolytic Pathway
o Pentose Phosphate Pathway
o Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

98
Q

In order to process lactose the bacterium has had two enzymes which are the:

A

Beta-galactoside Permease
Enzyme Beta-galactoside

Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) (17 decks)

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