Lecture: Cellular Elements

Question 1

Basic structural and functional unit, and the smallest living part of the body

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Has nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm, a system of membranous organelles, non-membranous molecular
assemblies, and a cytoskeleton

Answer 2

Eukaryotic

Question 3

Has a cell wall, lacks nuclei and membranous cytoplasmic structures

Answer 3

Prokaryotic

Question 4

2 Basic Parts of Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 4

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Question 5

Outermost component of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment

Answer 5

Plasma Membrane

Question 6

Fluid component of cytoplasm. Contains hundreds of enzymes that produce building blocks for
larger molecules and break down small molecules to liberate energy

Answer 6

Cytosol

Question 7

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Answer 7

Physical Barrier
Selective Permeability
Electrochemical Gradient
Communication

Question 8

Head part of Membrane Phospholipids

Answer 8

Carbohydrate and Hydrophilic

Question 9

Tail part of Membrane Phospholipids

Answer 9

UFA, SFA, and Hydrophobic

Question 10

Directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer itself

Answer 10

Integral Proteins

Question 11

Exhibit a looser association with one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly the inner

Answer 11

Peripheral Proteins

Question 12

Unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 12

Simple Diffusion

Question 13

Movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient

Answer 13

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 14

Movement of ion down its concentration gradient through a protein channel

Answer 14

Channel-mediated

Question 15

Movement of small, polar molecule down its concentration gradient by a carrier protein

Answer 15

Carrier-mediated

Question 16

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; continues until equilibrium is reached

Answer 16

Osmosis

Question 17

Transport of ions or small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps

Answer 17

Active Transport

Question 18

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to kinetic energy of the substance

Answer 18

Passive Processes

Question 19

Movement of substances requires expenditure of cellular energy

Answer 19

Active Processes

Question 20

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient; powered directly by ATP

Answer 20

Primary

Question 21

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient is powered by harnessing is the movement of a second substance down its concentration gradient

Answer 21

Secondary

Question 22

Movement of substance up its concentration in the same direction as Na+

Answer 22

Symport

Question 23

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from Na+

Answer 23

Antiport

Question 24

Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell or released from a cell

Answer 24

Vesicular Transport

Question 25

Bulk movement of a substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

Answer 25

Exocytosis

Question 26

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

Answer 26

Endocytosis

Question 27

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia

Answer 27

Phagocytosis

Question 28

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell

Answer 28

Pinocytosis

Question 29

Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances

Answer 29

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 30

Small electron-dense particles, about 20 × 30 nm in size

Answer 30

Ribosomes

Question 31

Multiple ribosomes on the same mRNA make up

Answer 31

Polyribosome (polysome)

Question 32

An abundance of these polysome produces

Answer 32

Basophilic Cytoplasm

Question 33

Convoluted membranous network that extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane and encloses a series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

Answer 33

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 34

Series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

Answer 34

Cisternae

Question 35

ER for synthesis and segregation of proteins not destined for the cytosol (for secretion)

Answer 35

Rough ER

Question 36

ER for glycogen and lipid metabolism

Answer 36

Smooth ER

Question 37

Dynamic organelle consisting of stacked membranous cisternae in which proteins made in RER are processed further and packaged for secretion or other roles

Answer 37

Golgi Apparatus

Question 38

Small membrane enclosed carriers that move materials from RER cisternae to the Golgi apparatus

Answer 38

Transport Vesicles

Question 39

Sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components

Answer 39

Lysosomes

Question 40

Hydrolytic Enzymes examples

Answer 40

Proteases Nucleases Phosphatase Phospholipases Sulfatases β-glucuronidase

Question 41

Membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of adenosine triphosphate

Answer 41

Mitochondria

Question 42

An inner membrane with many folds enclosing a gel-like matrix

Answer 42

Cristae

Question 43

Cell death

Answer 43

Apoptosis

Question 44

Spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane. Named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

Answer 44

Peroxisomes

Question 45

Complex array of protein polymers

Answer 45

Cytoskeleton

Question 46

Components of Cytoskeleton

Answer 46

Microtubules Microfilaments (actin filaments) Intermediate filaments

Question 47

Contains the code for all of a cell’s enzymes and other proteins

Answer 47

Nucleus

Question 48

Double set of membranes with a narrow perinuclear space that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm

Answer 48

Nuclear Envelope

Question 49

Combination of DNA and its associated proteins in a largely uncoiled state

Answer 49

Chromatin

Question 50

Chromatin with DNA that is active in transcription stains lightly

Answer 50

Euchromatin

Question 51

Inactive chromatin stains more darkly

Answer 51

Heterochromatin

Question 52

DNA molecule + histone

Answer 52

Nucleosome

Question 53

Very basophilic or electron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunits assembly occur

Answer 53

Nucleolus

Question 54

Specialized cellular subunits that carry out essential functions

Answer 54

Organelles

Question 55

Large, membrane bound organelle present in all cells except mature erythrocytes

Answer 55

Nucleus

Question 56

Encloses the whole mitochondria

Answer 56

Outer Membrane

Question 57

A portion of its cisternae is continuous with the nuclear envelope

Answer 57

RER

Question 58

Site of most intracellular activity

Answer 58

Cytosol

Question 59

Collection of fused, flattened sacs which received protein from the RER

Answer 59

Golgi Apparatus

Question 60

Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell

Answer 60

Plasma Membrane

Question 61

Site of lipid and steroid synthesis

Answer 61

SER

Question 62

Small membrane enclosed carriers that move materials from RER cisternae to the Golgi apparatus

Answer 62

Transport Vesicle

Question 63

Membrane-limited vesicles that contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 63

Lysosome