Lecture + Chapter 1

Question 1

Voluntarism

Answer 1

An approach that emphasizes the role of will and choice in determining thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors (Wundt’s Belief)

An early psychological theory that emphasizes the role of will, attention, and purpose in organizing the mind’s contents—proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, often considered the founder of modern psychology.

Question 2

Natural Sciences

Answer 2

Any Science that studies nonliving matter, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology

Question 3

Philosophy

Answer 3

The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge

Question 4

Brenda Milner

Answer 4

Canadian psychologist that is the founder of neuropsychology. Work on patient known as H.M.
Set the stage for cognitive neuroscience

Question 5

What is the Role of Theory in Psychology

Answer 5

It typically explains the relationship between 2 or more variables.

Question 6

Carl Rogers

Answer 6

developed client-centered therapy

Question 7

Developmental Psychology

Answer 7

The study of how individuals grow, change, and develop over the course of their lives. It focuses on cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development from infancy through old age, examining the factors that influence development at each stage.

Question 8

William Wundt

Answer 8

Given credit for conducting the first experiment in psychology.
Father of Voluntarism

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and how they’re learned through interactions with the environment, especially through conditioning.

Example:
If a child is praised every time they clean their room, they’re more likely to repeat the behavior—this is positive reinforcement, a core concept in behaviorism.

Question 10

Individual Difference

Answer 10

An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior form one person to the next

Question 11

Independent Variable

Answer 11

A variable that is manipulated, in order to see its impact on the dependent variable

Question 12

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 12

A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning and perception in whole units, not parts.

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

Empiricist philosopher who believed that mind was a ‘‘blank slate’’ at birth

Question 14

Edward Titchener

Answer 14

Structuralism founder, based on Voluntarism

Question 15

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 15

Believed in Humanism

Question 16

Mind

Answer 16

The brain and its activities including thought, emotion and behavior

Question 17

Culture

Answer 17

The practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people

Question 18

Biological psychology

Answer 18

The study of the relationship between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. It explores how biological processes such as hormones, genetics, and brain structures influence thoughts, emotions, and actions.

Question 19

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 19

The approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental process.

Question 20

John Watson and B.F Skinner

Answer 20

Believed in behaviorism

Question 21

Theories are

Answer 21

Explanatory, more broad than a hypothesis and predictive

Question 22

Functionalism

Answer 22

An early psychological approach that focused on the purpose (function) of mental processes—how the mind helps individuals adapt to their environments.

Example:
Rather than asking what thoughts are (like structuralists did), functionalists asked why we have thoughts or emotions—like how fear helps us survive danger.

Question 23

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 23

His work on the speed on nerve signaling support that the mind has a physical basis

Question 24

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 24

The study of information, processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Question 25

Personality Psychology

Answer 25

The study of individual differences in behavior, thoughts, emotions, and traits. It explores how personality develops, the various factors that shape it, and how personality influences how people respond to the world around them.

Question 26

What must scientific theories be

Answer 26

Testable, falsifiable and parsimonious

Question 27

Introspection

Answer 27

Personal observations of your thoughts, feelings, and behavior

Question 28

Structuralism

Answer 28

An approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience (ex. sensation, images, feelings, etc.) (Titchener's expansion on Voluntarism)

Question 29

Social Psychology

Answer 29

The study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. It looks at topics such as social perception, group behavior, prejudice, conformity, and interpersonal relationships.

Question 30

Humanism

Answer 30

Approach the focuses on the person and believes that people are inherently good.

Question 31

Max Wertheimer

Answer 31

Gestalt psychology founder who focused on the ''whole'' of behavior

Question 32

Clinical Psychology

Answer 32

The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define and treat abnormal behavior

Question 33

What is the opposite of Gestalt Psychology?

Answer 33

Structuralism.

Question 34

Dependent Variable

Answer 34

A variable that is measured, in order to see how it is affected by the independent variable

Question 35

Sigmund Freud

Answer 35

Developed psychodynamic theory and its applications to treat psychological disorders. He almost single-handedly founded the study of personality in psychology

Question 36

William James

Answer 36

Chief proponent of functionalism. He coined the term ''stream of consciousness''. His textbook '' Principles of Psychology'' dominated the field for 50 years.

Question 37

Urlic Neisser

Answer 37

Coined the term ''cognition'' in 1967