Week 7 + Chapter 9

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the transformation of information from one form to another that can be processed and remembered.

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

the retention of information

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

the recovery of stored information

Question 4

Multi-store model of memory

Answer 4

Atkin-Shiffrin Multistore Model or Memory; information flows through a series of stages. If memory is not transferred to the next stage, it is permanently lost.

Question 5

sensory memory

Answer 5

the first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time (a second)

Question 6

iconic memory

Answer 6

Sensory memory for visual information

Question 7

echoic memory

Answer 7

sensory memory for auditory information

Question 8

short-term memory

Answer 8

the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time.

Without additional processing, information in short-term memory lasts 30 seconds at most

Question 9

Rehearsal

Answer 9

repetition of information

Question 10

chunking

Answer 10

the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

A limited-capacity system used for temporarily holding and manipulating information needed for complex tasks like learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

Example:
When you do mental math—like adding 27 + 48 in your head—you’re using working memory to hold the numbers and perform the operation.

Question 12

central executive

Answer 12

manages the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks

The control system of working memory that manages attention, coordinates information from different sources, and directs cognitive processes.

Example:
When you’re reading a recipe while cooking and ignoring background noise, the central executive helps focus your attention and switch between tasks.

Question 13

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 13

holds visual and spatial information.

Question 14

phonological loop

Answer 14

working memory component responsible for verbal and auditory information

Question 15

episodic buffer

Answer 15

provides a mechanism for combining information stored in long-term memory, with the active processing taking place in working memory.

Question 16

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 16

Repeating information over and over again in order to keep it in working memory. Also known as rote rehearsal.

Question 17

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

Making connections between new information that you are trying to remember and already existing information.

Question 18

levels of processing theory

Answer 18

A theory of memory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) suggesting that the depth at which information is processed affects how well it is remembered.

Structural Processing – Focus on what the word looks like
- Example: Is the word in capital letters? “TABLE”
(Shallow – least likely to be remembered)

Phonemic (Acoustic) Processing – Focus on the sound of the word
- Example: Does it rhyme with “cable”?
(Moderate depth)

Semantic Processing – Focus on the meaning of the word
- Example: Is it a piece of furniture?
(Deep – most likely to be remembered)

Question 19

long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 19

the final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories has few limitations in capacity or duration

Question 20

declarative (or explicit) memory

Answer 20

A type of long-term memory involving conscious recall of facts and experiences—information you can intentionally bring to mind and talk about.

Semantic Memory – General knowledge, facts, and concepts
- Knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

Episodic Memory – Personal experiences tied to specific times and places
- Remembering your last birthday party.

Question 21

nondeclarative (or implicit) memory

Answer 21

an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memory.

they affect our behavior in subconscious, indirect, and effortless ways

Question 22

Declarative memories are further divided into

Answer 22

Semantic memory; A general knowledge memory

Episodic memory; a memory of personal experience

Question 23

Semantic Memory

Answer 23

A general knowledge memory

Question 24

Episodic memory

Answer 24

a memory of personal experience

Question 25

autobiographical memory

Answer 25

semantic and episodic memories that reference the self

Question 26

highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)

Answer 26

demonstrate the ability to recall accurately vast amounts of remote salient autobiographical events without the explicit use of mnemonics

Question 27

procedural memory

Answer 27

A type of long-term implicit memory that stores knowledge of how to perform tasks or actions—usually automatic and doesn’t require conscious recall. Example: Knowing how to ride a bike, type on a keyboard, or tie your shoes—even if you can’t easily explain how you do it.

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

refers to the change in our response to a stimulus because of pre-exposure to related stimuli Priming can be investigated within the lexical decision task, in which participants are asked to judge whether two words appearing together are both real words or not Example: If you see the word "yellow", you might be quicker to recognize the word "banana" because your brain has been "primed" with a related concept.

Question 29

retrieval cue

Answer 29

Cue; a stimulus that aids retrieval

Question 30

encoding specificity principle

Answer 30

The idea that memory retrieval is most effective when the context or conditions during retrieval match the context or conditions present during the initial encoding of the information. Example: If you study in the same room where you’ll take your test, you're more likely to remember the material because the study environment matches the test environment.

Question 31

context-dependent memory

Answer 31

the improvement in memory that occurs when the external context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. Our Surroundings Are Encoded in Context-Dependent Memories.

Question 32

state-dependent memory

Answer 32

the improvement in memory that occurs when the internal state of the individual is the same at encoding and retrieval.

Question 33

spreading activation model

Answer 33

is a theory in cognitive psychology that explains how information is retrieved and processed in memory. It suggests that concepts in memory are linked together, and when one concept is activated, related concepts are also activated

Question 34

Example of spreading activation model

Answer 34

When you think of something (like a "dog"), that node in your memory becomes activated. The activation spreads to related concepts, such as "animal," "pet," or "bark."

Question 35

schemas

Answer 35

A set of expectations about objects and situations. When we encounter new information we try to fit it into our existing schemas Details consistent with the schema are more likely to be remembered

Question 36

serial position effect

Answer 36

When people are given a list of words to remember and told they can recall the items in any order, the likelihood that a word on the list will be remembered depends on its position in the list. The primacy effect refers to the superior recall for the first words on the list, and the recency effect refers to the superior recall for the last words on the list.

Question 37

primacy effect

Answer 37

superior recall for the first few items on a list

Question 38

recency effect

Answer 38

superior recall for the most recent information

Question 39

decay

Answer 39

A reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time.

Question 40

Interference

Answer 40

Competition between newer and older information in memory

Question 41

proactive interference

Answer 41

interference refers to reduced memory for target information as a result of earlier learning.

Question 42

retroactive interference

Answer 42

happens when newer information makes it difficult to recall older memories or information

Question 43

What are proactive and Retroactive interference?

Answer 43

proactive and retroactive interference are concepts that describe how the information we learn can interfere with the retention of other information.

Question 44

mnemonics

Answer 44

memory aids that link new information to well-known information

Question 45

method of loci

Answer 45

The ancient Greek mnemonic device, the method of loci, takes advantage of our superior memory for visual images of familiar places. Although the method involves consciously imagining things in a particular place, we often use location as a memory aid less consciously. You are probably familiar with the layout of your favorite grocery store and use that mental image to guide your memories for the food you need to purchase. If the store reorganizes its layout between trips, you might forget something.