Lecture: Electrolytes Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Equal number of cations and anions
A
Electroneutrality
2
Q
Negatively charged & move towards the
anode
A
Anion
3
Q
Positively charged & move towards the
cathode
A
Cations
4
Q
Electrolytes for volume and osmotic regulation
A
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
5
Q
Electrolytes for myocardial rhythm and contractility
A
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
6
Q
Electrolytes for acid-base balance
A
Bicarbonate
Chloride
Sodium
Inorganic Phosphorus / Phosphate
7
Q
Electrolytes that are enzyme activation cofactors
A
Calcium
Magnesium
8
Q
Regulator of ATPase ion pumps
A
Magnesium
9
Q
Electrolytes for production and use of ATP from glucose
A
Magnesium
Inorganic Phosphorus
10
Q
Electrolytes for neuromuscular excitability
A
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
11
Q
Electrolytes for blood coagulation
A
Calcium
Magnesium
12
Q
Electrolytes for DNA replication and mRNA translation
A
Magnesium
13
Q
Average water content in the body
A
40% to 75%
14
Q
The fluid inside the cells and accounts for about two thirds of total body water
A
Intracellular fluid
15
Q
Accounts for the other one third of total body water
A
Extracellular fluid
16
Q
Normal plasma – about _ water
A
93%
17
Q
Water retention of 3L
A
Edema
18
Q
10-20L water excretion
A
AVP Deficiency
19
Q
Ion concentration within cells and in plasma –maintained both by _ and _
A
Active transport processes
Diffusion
20
Q
Requires energy (ATP) to move ions across
cellular membranes
A
Active transport
21
Q
Passive movement of ions across a membrane
A
Diffusion
22
Q
Physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes (millimoles) per kg of solvent (w/w)
A
Osmolality
23
Q
Concentrated solution = _ osmolality
A
Increased
24
Q
Diluted solution = _ osmolality
A
Decreased
25
The 92% contributor of osmolality is our _
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
26
The remaining 8% of our osmolality is contributed by
Protein
Urea
Glucose
27
Difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations
Anion Gap
28
High anion gap indicates _ - increased
acidity of the blood due to metabolic processes
Metabolic Acidosis
29
Low anion gap is relatively rare; occur from the presence of abnormal positively charged proteins, as in _
Multiple myeloma
30
Most abundant cation in the ECF; major contributor of plasma osmolality
Sodium
31
Other name for sodium
Natrium
32
Specimen for sodium analysis
Serum, heparin plasma, 24-hour urine, sweat
33
Colorimetric method for sodium
Albanese-Lein Method
34
Electrode used for ISE of sodium
Glass aluminum silicate
35
Hormones affecting sodium
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
36
Secreted by adrenal cortex; promotes Na
retention and K excretion
Aldosterone
37
Endogenous antihypertensive agent; secreted from cardiac atria; blocks the aldosterone and renin secretion
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
38
Serum Na > 145 mmol/L; loss of water, gain of sodium
Hypernatremia
39
Serum Na < 135 mmol/L; most common electrolyte disorder; Renal failure, Hyperglycemia, SIADH, K+ deficiency
Hyponatremia
40
Hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction
Barterr’s Syndrome
41
Systematic error (hemolysis) - dilutional
effect
Hyperproteinemia (Hemoglobin) – plasma
water displacement
Hyperlipidemia
Pseudohyponatremia
42
Major intracellular cation in the body; mostly affected by hemolysis
Potassium
43
Other name for potassium
Kalium
44
Electrode used for ISE of potassium
Valinomycin gel membrane
45
Colorimetric method for potassium
Lockhead and Purcell
46
Reduced aldosterone/response; renal failure; mostly due to impaired renal excretion
Hyperkalemia
47
Most common cause of extrarenal loss
Diarrhea
48
Promotes urinary K+ loss
Hypomagnesemia
49
Common cause of pseudohypokalemia
Leukocytosis
50
Cause of urine osmolality less than 300 mOsm/kg
Diabetes insipidus
51
Cause of urine osmolality from 300-700 mOsm/kg
Partial defect in AVP
Osmotic diuresis
52
Cause of urine osmolality greater than 700 mOsm/kg
Loss of thirst
Insensible loss of water
GI loss of hypotonic fluid
Excess intake of sodium
53
Cause of hyponatremia
Renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatic cirrhosis
Congestive heart failure
Increased Water Retention
54
Causes of hyponatremia
Excess water intake
SIADH
Pseudohyponatremia
Water Imbalance
55
Range of sodium in serum/plasma
136-145 mmol/L
56
Range of sodium in 24-hour urine
40-220 mmol/L
57
Range of sodium in CSF
136-150 mmol/L
58
Cause of Hyperkalemia
Oral or IV potassium replacement therapy
Increased Intake
59
Cause of Hyperkalemia
Sample hemolysis
Thrombocytosis
Prolonged tourniquet application
Artifactual
60
Cause of Hyperkalemia
Acidosis
Leukemia
Hemolysis
Chemotherapy
Muscle/cellular injury
Cellular Shift
61
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Acute or chronic renal failure
Hypoaldosteronism
Addison's disease
Diuretics
Decreased Renal Excretion
62
Cause of Hypokalemia
Malabsorption
GI Loss
63
Cause of Hypokalemia
Diuretics
Hyperaldosteronism
Barterr's Syndrome
Gitelman's Syndrome
Liddle's Syndrome
Renal Loss
64
Cause of Hypokalemia
Alkalosis
Insulin Overdose
Intracellular Shift
65
Range for serum potassium
3.5-5.1 mmol/L
66
Range for male plasma potassium
3.5-4.5 mmol/L
67
Range for female plasma potassium
3.4-4.4 mmol/L
68
Range for urine potassium
25-125 mmol/day
69
Major extracellular anion; chief counter ion of Na+ in ECF; only enzyme activator anion
Chloride
70
What enzyme does chloride activates/
Amylase
71
What is the mercurimetric titration method for chloride?
Schales and Schales
72
Indicator for Schales and Schales method of potassium
Diphenylcarbazone
73
End product of Schales and Schales method of potassium
HgCl2 (blue-violet)
74
Spectrophotometric methods for chloride
Mercuric Thiocyanate (Whitehorn Titration Mtd.)
Ferric Perchlorate
75
Colorimetric Amperometric Titration for chloride
Cotlove Chloridometer
76
Electrode used for ISE of chloride
Tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride decanol
77
Exchange of Cl- and HCO3- between plasma
and RBC
Chloride shift
78
Metabolic alkalosis due to chloride
Hypochloremia
79
Metabolic acidosis due to chloride
Hyperchloremia
80
Range of serum/plasma chloride
98-107 mmol/L
81
Range of urine chloride
110-250 mmol/day
82
Second most abundant anion in the ECF; major component of the buffering system in blood
Bicarbonate (HCO-3)
83
Decreased HCO3 – metabolic _ - compensated by _
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperventilation
84
Increased HCO3 – metabolic _ - compensated by _
Metabolic Alkalosis
CO2 retention
85
Specimen for bicarbonate
Anaerobically collected plasma/serum
86
Electrode used for ISE of bicarbonate
pCO2 electrode
87
Fourth most abundant cation in the body; second most abundant intracellular ion; treatment for arrhythmia
Magnesium (Mg2+)
88
Percentage of free or ionized magnesium
55%
89
Percentage of protein-bound magnesium
30%
90
Percentage of magnesium complexed with ions
15%
91
Increase renal reabsorption & intestinal absorption of magnesium
PTH
92
Increase renal excretion of magnesium
Aldosterone and Thyroxine
93
Hypo or Hyper
Acute Renal Failure
Malnutrition
Sprue
Chronic alcoholism
Severe diarrhea
Hypomagnesemia
94
Hypo or Hyper
Diabetic coma
Addison's disease
Chronic renal failure
Hypermagnesemia
95
What falsely decreases magnesium in sample?
EDTA
96
Colorimetric methods for magnesium
Calmagite Mtd. – reddish-violet (532 nm)
Formazen – colored complex (660nm)
Magnesium – thymol blue
97
Reference method for magnesium
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
98
Dye-Lake method for magnesium uses what color dye?
Titan yellow dye (Clayton yellow or
Thiazole yellow)
99
Fifth most abundant ECF cation; maximally absorbed in duodenum at acidic pH
Calcium
100
Percentage of ionized or active calcium
50%
101
Percentage of protein-bound calcium
40%
102
Percentage of calcium complexed with anions
10%
103
Specific marker of calcium disorders
Ionized calcium
104
Regulators for calcium
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Activated Vit D3)
PTH
Calcitonin
105
Hypo or Hyper
Alkalosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia
106
Hypo or Hyper
Hyperparathyroidism
Increased Vitamin D
Acidosis
Hypercalcemia
107
Prolonged contact of serum with red cells – _ calcium
Decreased
108
Precipitation and Redox Titration method for calcium
Clark Collip
Ferro Ham Chloranilic Acid
109
End color product of precip and redox titration of calcium
Purple
110
Dye used in colorimetric method of calcium
Arzeno III
111
Electrode used for ISE of calcium
Liquid membrane
112
Reference method for calcium
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
113
EDTA titration methods for calcium
Bachra
Dawer
Sobel
114
Inversely related to Ca2+; maximally absorbed in jejunum
Inorganic Phosphorus
115
Form of PO4 that is the principal anion within cells
Organic PO4
116
Form of PO4 that is a blood buffer
Inorganic PO4
117
Regulators of PO4
PTH
Calcitonin
Growth hormone
118
Calcium is _ during AM and _ during PM
High; low
119
Method of analysis for PO4
Fiske-Subbarow (Ammonium molybdate mtd.)
120
Hypo or Hyper
Hyperparathyroidism
Avitaminosis D
Hypophosphatemia
121
Hypo or Hyper
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypervitaminosis D
Hyperphosphatemia
