Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of internal/external structures &
the physical relationship between parts of the body
2
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Surface anatomy, regional antaomy, systemic anatomy, developmental anatomy
3
Q
Surface anatomy
A
General form and superficial markings
4
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
Specific areas (libs, trunk)
5
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Specific Organ systems (CVS)
6
Q
Developments anatomy
A
changes from embryo to adult
7
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
Cytology, Histology
8
Q
Cytology
A
Internal structures of cells
9
Q
Histology
A
Tissues and tissue layers
10
Q
Physiology
A
Study of how the human body performs vital functions
11
Q
Specialities of Physiology
A
Cellular, Special, Systemic, Pathological
12
Q
Cellular Physiology
A
Chemical processes within and between cells
13
Q
Special Physiology
A
Specific organ (cardiac function)
14
Q
Systemic Physiology
A
Specific organ systems (CVS)
15
Q
Pathological Physiology
A
Disease on organs/systems (high BP)
16
Q
Homeostasis
A
Ability of the body to maintain a stable environment, stable NOT stagnant, response to changing conditions, many regulations systems restore balance (endocrine and nervous systems)
17
Q
Extrinsic regulation and feedback loops
A
Feedback loops triggered by stimulus that disrupts homeostasis
18
Q
Feedback loops include:
A
Receptor, control center, effector
19
Q
Receptor
A
Detects a stimulus
20
Q
Control Center
A
Interprets information, sends command to effector
21
Q
Effector
A
Produces a response
22
Q
Negative Feedback Loop
A
Response by the effector eliminates the stimulus, most common, ex. thermoregulation, regulating blood sugar, etc.
23
Q
Positive Feedback Lop
A
Response by effector will reinforce the stimulus, dangerous/stressful situations (rapid response), cycle perpetuates, ex. blood clotting, contractions, etc.
24
Q
Frons
A
Forehead/frontal
25
Cranium
Skull/cranial
26
Facies
Face/facial
27
Oris
Mouth/oral
28
Mentis
Chin/mental
29
Axilla
Armpit/axillary
30
Brachium
Arm/brachial
31
Antecubitis
Front of elbow/antecubital
32
Antebrachium
Forearm/antebrachial
33
Carpus
Wrist/carpal
34
Pollex
Thumb
35
Digits
Phalanges/fingers/digital/phalangeal/toes
36
Palma
palm/palmar
37
Patella
Kneecap/patellar
38
Crus
Leg/Crural
39
Tarsus
ankle/tarsal
40
Hallux
Great Toe/big toe
41
Pes
Foot/pedal
42
Femur
thigh/femoral
43
Pubis
Pubic
44
Inguen
Groin/inguinal
45
Pelvis
Pelvic
46
Umbilicus
Navel/Umbilical
47
Abdomen
Abdominal
48
Mamma
Brest/mammary
49
Thoracis
Thorax, chest, thoracic
50
Cervicis
Neck/cervical
51
Nasus
Nose/nasal
52
Auris
Ear/Otic
53
Bucca
Cheek/buccal
54
Oculus
Eye/orbital/ocular
55
Shoulder
Acromial
56
Dorsum
Back/dorsal
57
Olecranon
Back of elbow/olecranal
58
Lumbus
Loin/lumbar
59
Manus
Hand/manual
60
Gluteus
Buttock/gluteal
61
Popliteus
Back of knee/popliteal
62
Sura
Calf/sural
63
Calcaneus
Heel of foot/calcaneal
64
Planta
Sole of foot/plantar
65
Cephalon
Head/cephalic
66
Cervicis
Neck/cervical
67
Sagittal Plane
vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. (left/right)
68
Frontal Plane/Coronal
A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. (Anterior/posterior)
69
Transverse Plane
horizontal plane, divides into top and bottom
70
Midsagittal Plane
Right Down the middle
71
Medial
Toward Midline
72
Lateral
Toward sides
73
Proximal
Closer to trunk in regards to limbs
74
Distal
Further from trunk in regards to libs
75
Anterior/Ventral
Front
76
Posterior/Dorsal
Back
77
Cranial
Movement towards the head
78
Caudal
Movement towards the tail
79
Inferior
Below/Toward feet
80
Superior
Above/Toward head
81
Chambers of the body
Internal chambers holding vital organs, allows organs to move without friction, provides protection
82
Two main body cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity+Ventral Body Cavity
83
Dorsal Body Cavity Contains:
Cranial Cavity and Spinal cavity
84
Ventral body cavity contains:
Thoracic cavity and Abdominocavity
85
Serous membranes
Continuous membranes with and inner and outer layer (examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
86
Parietal
"wall", outer layer of serous membranes
87
Visceral
"organ", inner layer of serous membranes
88
Thoracic Cavity
Holds heart and lungs, subdivided into left and right pleural cavities
89
Left and right pleural cavities
Each contains a lung, lined w/ visceral and parietal pleura
90
Mediastinum
Contains pericardium (visceral and parietal)
91
Pericardium
Serous membrane around heart
92
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Lined by the peritoneum (visceral and parietal)/Includes: Abdominal and Pelvic cavity
93
Abdominal cavity
Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of the large intestine
94
Pelvic Cavity
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, final portion of large intestine
95
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
96
Abdominopelvic Regions
(In order from top to bottom, left to right, like reading a book) Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region (iliac), hypogastric (pubic) region, left inguinal region (iliac)
97
Cells:
Building blocks of life, produced by division of preexisting cells
98
Cell Theory
Each Cell maintains own homeostasis, homeostasis at higher levels reflects the coordinated actions of many cells
99
Extracellular Fluid
watery fluid that surrounds outsides of cells
100
Cell membrane
Outer boundary of cell/plasma membrane
101
Cytoplasm
Contents inner chamber of cell
102
Cytosol
Fluid of cytoplasm
103
Organelles
Cell structures in cytoplasm
104
Intracellular Fluid
watery fluid that surrounds insides of cells
105
Phospholipid Bilayer
Semi-permeable membrane of cell containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic tails, barrier to ions/water-soluble compounds, allows lipid-soluble compounds to pass
106
Hydrophilic heads
Water-loving heads of phospholipid bilayer that face outward on both sides, toward watery environments
107
Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails
Water-fearing, inside membrane of phospholipid bilayer
108
Membrane Proteins
Integral and peripheral proteins
109
Integral Proteins
Proteins embedded in membrane
110
Peripheral Proteins
Proteins attached to membrane
111
Types of peripheral proteins
Anchoring, recognition, receptor, carrier, channel
112
Anchoring Proteins
Stablizers
113
Recognitions Proteins
identify other cells
114
Receptor Proteins
Bind and respond to specific solutes
115
Carrier Proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane
116
Channel Proteins
Gated and non-gated, free flow of ions and water
117
Permeability
How easily can substances cross the membrane
118
Impermeability
Nothing Passes through
119
freely permeable
Anything can pass
120
Semi-permeable and Selective
Characteristic of cell membrane that means some things can pass freely, while some are restricted
121
Transport mechanisms
Transport through the cell membrane tat can be passive or active. Types: diffusion and osmosis (passive), carrier-mediated transport (active or passive), vesicular transport (active)
122
Diffusion
random movement of molecules, from high concentration to low, continues until evenly distributed, passive: requires no energy
123
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane, water flows towards the higher solute concentration
124
Tonicity
relative concentration of solutes in solution
125
Isotonic Solution
Solution has same concentration as cell
126
Hypotonic Solution
Solution has lower concentration than cell, cell can burst (hemolysis)
127
Hypertonic solution
Solution has a higher concentration than cell, cell loses water, shrivels/crenation
128
Co-transport
Two substance move the same direction, same time, a type of carrier-mediated transport
129
Counter-transport
One substance moves in while another moves out
130
Facilitated Diffusion (passive)
Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein (only specific molecules), protein changes shape, molecule passes through
131
Active transport
Consumes (ATP) energy to move against the gradient
132
Primary Active transport
Uses energy to transport substances, sodium potassium exchange pumps-one ATP moves 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
133
Secondary Active Transport
Uses energy after passive transport
134
Membrane Potential
Unequal changes across the plasma membrane
135
Potential Difference
occurs when positive and negative charges are separated (inside of cell=negative/Outside of cell=positive)
136
Vesicular Transport
Materials move into or out of cells in vesicles (pockets), requires ATP
137
Endocytosis
movement into the cell, receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis: "cell-drinking", phagocytosis: "cell-eating"
138
Exocytosis
ejection of materials from the cell
139
Ribosomes
Produce proteins, can be free or fixed, (fixed=attached to endoplasmic reticulum), 2 subunits: 1 small, 1 large:lock around mRNA, message from DNA
140
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Factory)
Intracellular channels attached to nucleus, Stores and transports molecules from the cytoplasm, enzymes in ER detoxify drugs/toxins (liver and kidney cells) Rough ER: contains ribosomes (produces proteins), Smooth ER: doesn't contain ribosomes (produces carbs and lipids)
141
Golgi Apparatus
(Post office of cell), creates vesicles that package, transport, and deliver materials inside/outside the cell
142
Vesicles contain
Hormones (going out), Proteins/lipids (added to membrane), Enzymes (used in or transported out of cell)
143
Lysosome
Removes damaged organelles, destroys bacteria, cleanup/recycle, autolysis
144
Mitochondria
Responsible for 95% of ATP production, ATP=high energy compound, if broken down, released energy to fuel cellular activities
145
Glycolysis
Cells produce ATP by breaking down glucose, glucose->2pyruvic acid molecules, remainder is absorbed into mitochondria for citric acid cycle, anaerobic
146
