Lecture Exam #1 Flashcards

Question

Neutrophilia

Answer 1

An increase in leukocytes due to an increase in neutrophils

Answer 2

1. A decrease in leukocytes due to a decrease in neutrophils 2. Is a serious medical problem because it represents a reduced ability to fight infection 3. Can be caused by bone marrow failure (chemotherapy or leukemia) or when the cells are destroyed rapidly in the tissues when severe infection is present

Answer 3

1. Occurs with allergic reactions and parasitic infestations

Answer 4

1. Occurs with similar disorders that cause eosinophilia

Answer 5

1. Occurs with viral infections, especially mononucleosis

Answer 6

1. Seen in acquired and congenital immune deficiency states and in various conditions such as acute inflammation, malnutrition, and after treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or corticosteroids 2. An important feature of HIV infection

Answer 7

1. Seen in chronic infections such as tuberculosis 2. May occur in inflammatory conditions and autoimmune states

Answer 8

1. Are the most immature stage of a cell type, accumulating in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.

Answer 9

1. RBCs are produced in the bone marrow 2. They have a life span of 120 days 3. RBCs do not marginate into the tissues like WBCs 4. Main component of RBCs is Hemoglobin 5. Primary function of RBC is to carry oxygen to the tissues with the help of hemoglobin

Answer 10

1. A low RBC count

Answer 11

1. RBCs that are smaller than normal 2. usually due to a diet deficiency in Iron

Answer 12

1. RBCs that lack adequate hemoglobin

Answer 13

1. An abnormal increase in the number of circulating RBCs 2. Occurs when the bone marrow is overstimulated to produce RBCs in the response to a secondary problem 3. Chronic hypoxia, living at high elevation, and some heart disease will cause secondary polycythemia

Answer 14

1. The protein that carries oxygen to the tissues. Major component of RBCs 2. Important in maintaining acid-base (PH) balance by acting as a buffer and by carrying CO2 from the tissues to the lungs 3. The hemoglobin molecule consists of four heme groups. Each with an iron molecule capable of binding oxygen, and four globin chains

Answer 15

1. Blood platelets are AKA Thrombocytes 2. The lower the platelet count, the more likely the patient will have problems with bleeding 3. RTs should check patient's platelet count before performing an arterial puncture

Answer 16

1. Abnormally low platelet count

Answer 17

1. The ability to prevent hemorrhage, form a blood clot, keep blood flowing in circulation.

Answer 18

1. Platelet Count: Having a low platelet count could prevent or reduce the body's ability to form clots 2. aPTT: This test assesses the clotting factors in the intrinsic and common pathways by measuring the length of time required for plasma to form a fibrin clot once the intrinsic pathway is activated. The reference interval varies by laboratory, but it is usually 25-35 Seconds 3. PT/INR: the PT assesses the clotting factors in the extrinsic and common pathways and is performed similarly, using activation of the extrinsic system as an initiation point. The reference interval for the PT generally falls between 12-15 seconds. An INR is calculated from the PT result using a formula that takes into account the specific reagents and instrument us for the test. 4. Monitor anticoagulation therapy. Patients on Heparin and Coumadin 5. D-Dimer: Produced as a result of the breakdown of fibrin clots that form in the vasculature

Answer 19

1. Measures biochemical compounds and external substances administered to patient 2. Basic Metabolic Panel includes (a) Electrolytes (b) Glucose level (c) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (d) Creatinine

Answer 20

1. Sodium (NA+): 135-145 mmol/L 2. Potassium (K+): 3.5-5.0 mmol/L 3. Chloride (CL-): 98-107 mmol/L 4. Total CO2: 22-30 mmol/L 5. Glucose (fasting): 70-99 mg/dL 6. BUN: 7-20 mg/dL 7. Creatinine: 0.7-1.3 mg/dL

Answer 21

1. BUN: 7-20 mg/dL 2. Creatinine: 0.7-1.3 mg/dL 3. GFR: 90-120 mL/min/1.73 m2 4. Urinalysis: Multiple tests

Answer 22

1. Albumin: 3.5-5.0 g/dL 2. Total Protein: 6.3-8.0 g/dL 3. ALP: 38-126 U/L 4. ALT: 10-40 U/L 5. AST: 5-30 U/L 6. Bilirubin (total): 0.3-1.9 mg/dL

Answer 23

1. Total Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL 2. HDL-C: >39 mg/dL 3. LDL-C: <100 mg/dL 4. Triglycerides: 30-149 mg/dL

Answer 24

1. Total CK: 50-200 U/L 2. CK-MB: <5% total CK 3. cTnl: <0.01 ng/ML 4. Myoglobin: 19-92 ug/L 5. BNP: <20 pg/L

Answer 25

1. Sodium is the primary cation 2. Normal Values: 135-145 mEq/L 3. Sodium concentration regulated by the kidneys

Answer 26

1. Loss of Water

Answer 27

1. Caused by excessive water intake or loss of sodium

Answer 28

1. Potassium is the primary intercellular cation 2. Normal values: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L 3. Increase or decrease potassium levels can lead to cardiac dysfunction

Answer 29

1. Occurs with decreased intake or increased loss of Potassium

Answer 30

1. Occurs with Increased intake or decreased loss of Potassium

Answer 31

1. The most common extracellular anion 2. Normal values: 98-107 mEq/L

Answer 32

1. Occurs with severe vomiting and chronic metabolic alkalosis

Answer 33

1. Occurs with certain kidney diseases and prolonged diarrhea

Answer 34

1. Plays a major role in acid-base balance 2. Elevation of bicarb occurs with metabolic alkalosis 3. A decrease in bicarb occurs with metabolic acidosis 4. COPD patients who have chronic CO2 retention will have an elevated total CO2

Answer 35

1. Normal fasting blood sugar levels range from 70-99 mg/dL 2. Blood glucose is needed to create energy

Answer 36

1. A reduce blood glucose

Answer 37

1. An elevated blood glucose 2. Most often occurs from type II diabetes

Answer 38

1. BUN and Creatinine (a) The two most common tests to check renal function (b) Normals BUN: 7-20 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.7-1.3 mg/dL (c) Neither test is sensitive to early kidney disease (d) Heart failure also elevates the BUN 2. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) (a) Used to measure kidney function and assess the stage of kidney disease. The higher the number the worse it is. 3. Urinalysis: Checks for blood, sugar, and protein in the urine

Answer 39

1. Measures Proteins (a) Albumin (b) Globulin 2. Liver-associated enzymes (a) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (b) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (c) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 3. Bilirubin (a) A byproduct of the spleen's normal breakdown of hemoglobin

Answer 40

1. Found in all body cells 2. When organs suffer damage, an enzyme will elevate in the circulating blood 3. In some cases, the type of enzyme found to be elevated along with the medical history can help diagnose the problem. (a) For example, AST elevates with acute hepatitis and following an acute myocardial infarction

Answer 41

1. Lipids 2. Total cholesterol (a) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) <40 mg/dL * "Good Cholesterol" because it removes excess cholesterol from the circulation (b) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) <130 mg/dL * "Bad Cholesterol" because it deposits cholesterol on blood vessel walls * Can then lead to atherosclerosis 3. Triglycerides 30 to 149 mg/dL (a) The main storage form of fat in humans

Answer 42

1. Chemicals that appear in the blood because of either ischemic myocardial damage or stress 2. Creatine Kinase (CK) and its heart-specific isoenzyme CK-MB, myoglobin, and TROPONIN 3. The current biomarker used to help diagnose congestive heart failure is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Answer 43

1. Medical microbiology involves the isolation and identification of organisms causing disease in the body 2. The RT is often asked to obtain a sputum sample from the patient to identify the organism causing the pneumonia

Answer 44

1. A legitimate sample from lower airways is needed to identify the offending organism 2. Samples from the mouth that contain mostly epithelial cells are of no value 3. Samples from the lung have many leukocytes as seen through a microscope 4. The sample undergoes Gram stain and culture

Answer 45

1. Preanalytical Phase (a) Specimen Selection (b) Collection (c) Transport 2. Microscopic examination 3. Culture and sensitivity 4. Examination of pulmonary secretions

Answer 46

1. Performed during bronchoscopy by injecting a large volume of fluid into the lungs and then collecting it after it mixes with cells in the lung 2. Lung lavage diagnosis interstitial lung disease and identifies cause of pneumonia 3. BAL is contraindicated in the patient who is unstable and hypoxic

Answer 47

1. Normal (a) Clear and Pale (b) 3 to 20 mL or cc (c) Few WBC, no RBC 2. Diagnosis of disease or condition (a) Exudate * Caused by infections, pulmonary abscess, pulmonary infarction, fungal or viral infection, trauma, various cancers, and pancreatitis (b) Transudate * Caused by cirrhosis, CHF and chronic renal failure

Answer 48

1. Biopsy of Lung Tissue 2. Evaluate tissues to determine if benign or malignant 3. cytology studies fluids and secretions 4. Used in evaluating lung tumors for cancer

Answer 49

1. Diagnose (a) Infections (b) Allergies 2. Tuberculin skin tests (a) PPD test (b) Alternative: interferon-y release assay (IGRA) * QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) * T-SPOT TB Test (T-Spot)