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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of structure and how things relate to each other.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function

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3
Q

Principle of Complimentarity

A

What a structure can do depends on its form

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4
Q

Structural Hierarchy

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal.

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5
Q

Functions Necessary for Life

A

Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Dispose of Wastes, Reproduction, Growth

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6
Q

Integumentary System

A

Outer body covering

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7
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transport blood, oxygen and nutrients

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8
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Immune System, picks up fluid

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9
Q

Respiratory System

A

Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

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10
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units to enter the bloodstream.

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11
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates waste

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12
Q

Factors Needed for Survival

A

Oxygen, Nutrients, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure, Proper amount of all factors.

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing external environment.

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14
Q

Homeostatic Control Systems

A

Endocrine and Nervous System

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15
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Nervous System

A

Electrical Impulses

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17
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Most Common, Variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change.

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18
Q

Example of Negative Feedback

A

Body Temperature, Glucose Level

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19
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Response enhances the effect of the original stimulus.

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20
Q

Example of Positive Feedback

A

Blood Clotting

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21
Q

Receptor

A

Detects Change

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22
Q

Control Center

A

Interprets Change

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23
Q

Effector

A

Does the work of Maintenance

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24
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disturbance of Homeostasis. Most disease can be in regard to Homeostatic imbalance.

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25
Q

Stimulus

A

Generates imbalance

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26
Q

Causes of Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Age, When Negative Feedback Mechanisms are overwhelmed

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27
Q

Biochemistry

A

Study of chemical composition and reaction of living matter.

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28
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Compounds that don’t contain carbon.

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29
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Compounds that contain carbon. Larger and have covalent bonds.

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30
Q

Water’s Vitality to Life

A

High heat capacity, High heat vaporization, Polarizing properties, Reactivity, Cushioning

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31
Q

Water: Organic or Inorganic

A

Inorganic

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32
Q

T or F: Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in living material.

A

True

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33
Q

Salts

A

Ionic compounds that disassociate into their component ions in water.

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34
Q

Electrolytes

A

Conduct electrical currents in solution.

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35
Q

Acids

A

Protein donors, Release H+ in solution. Low on the pH scale.

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36
Q

Bases

A

Protein receivers, take up H+ in solution. High on the pH scale.

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37
Q

Neutralization Reaction

A

Mixing an acid and a base.

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38
Q

pH

A

Acid Base concentration. Tenfold increments. 0-14

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39
Q

pH of Blood

A

7.4

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40
Q

Acidic Liquids

A

Lemon Juice, Hydrochloric Acid, Wine

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41
Q

Basic Liquids

A

Bleach, Ammonia, Sodium Hydroxide

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42
Q

Acid-Base Buffers

A

Release H if pH rises. Bind pH if it falls.

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43
Q

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System

A

Buffer system of blood that prevents acidosis and alkalosis.

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44
Q
A

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System

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45
Q

Types of Organic Compounds

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, ATP

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46
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

How organic compounds are synthesized. Monomers bond from the removal of water.

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47
Q

Hydrolosis Reactions

A

How organic compounds are broken down. Done by inserting water into the bond.

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48
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and Starches

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49
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A

Major source of cellular fuel. Structural molecules (RNA)

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50
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar carbohydrate

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51
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar carbohydrate

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52
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugar carbohydrate.

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53
Q
A

Dehydration Synthesis

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54
Q
A

Hydrolysis Reaction

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55
Q
A

Monosaccharide

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56
Q
A

Disaccharide

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57
Q
A

Polysaccharide

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58
Q

Lipids are insoluble in ________ but readily dissolve in __________.

A

Water, other lipids

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59
Q

Main types of lipids:

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

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60
Q

Triglycerides are called _________ when solid and _________ when liquid.

A

Fats, Oils

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61
Q

Triglycerides

A

Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.

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62
Q

Functions of Triglycerides

A

Energy Storage, Protection, Insulation

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63
Q
A

Triglyceride

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64
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus group. Head and Tail.

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65
Q

Phospholipid Function

A

Important in cell membrane structure.

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66
Q
A

Phospholipid

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67
Q

Steroids

A

Structural and signaling molecules. A lipid.

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68
Q

_____________ is found in cell membranes and is the basis for all steroids formed in the body.

A

Cholesterol

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69
Q

Type of Steroid

A

Testosterone

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70
Q

Proteins

A

Basic structuralized material of the body in addition to many specialized roles in cell function.

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71
Q

_________________ are the monomers of proteins.

A

Amino Acids

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72
Q

Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called ________________.

A

Peptide bonds.

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73
Q

Structural Levels of Proteins

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

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74
Q

Primary Structure

A

A polypeptide chain.

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75
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Primary chain forms spirals. Can be in a helix or in a sheet.

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76
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Secondary structures fold up and form a golbular molecule.

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77
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains with it’s own tertiary structure form a functional protein.

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78
Q
A

Primary Structure

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79
Q
A

Alpha Helix (Secondary Structure)

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80
Q
A

Beta Sheet (Secondary Structure)

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81
Q
A

Tertiary Structure

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82
Q
A

Quaternary Structure

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83
Q

Denaturation

A

Globular proteins unfold and lose functional 3-D shape. Active sites are destroyed.

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84
Q

Denaturation is caused by:

A

Decrease in pH or increase in temperature.

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85
Q

Enzymes

A

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. Regulate and increase the speed of biological reactions.

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86
Q

Substrates

A

What binds to the enzyme to be bonded.

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87
Q

Enzyme Substrate Complex

A

When the enzymes are substrate are bonded.

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88
Q

Product (enzyme reaction)

A

What is produced after the substrates leave the enzyme.

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89
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

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90
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

DNA

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91
Q

DNA Functions

A

Provides instructions for protein synthesis. Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity.

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92
Q

DNA is composed of _______________.

A

Nucleotide Monomers

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93
Q

4 Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

A

ATCG

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94
Q

A is always paired with __________.

A

T

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95
Q

C is always paired with _________.

A

G

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96
Q

DNA is formed in a _______________.

A

Double Helix

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97
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA

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98
Q

Function of RNA

A

Carries out the DNA orders for protein synthesis.

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99
Q

Nitrogenous Bases for RNA

A

AUCG

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100
Q

In RNA A is always paired with ____________.

A

U

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101
Q

In RNA G is always paired with _____________.

A

G

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102
Q

RNA is formed in a _____________.

A

Single strand.

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103
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP

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104
Q

ATP captures the chemical energy in ____________.

A

Glucose

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105
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Adenine containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups.

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106
Q

Function of ATP

A

Provide Phosphorylation

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107
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules.

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108
Q
A

RNA

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109
Q
A

DNA

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110
Q
A

ATP

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111
Q
A

Phosphorylation

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112
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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113
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work or put matter into motion.

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114
Q

Energy can be ___________, _____________, _____________, or _______________

A

Electrical, chemical, mechanical, electromagnetic

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115
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion

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116
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored, inactive energy

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117
Q

Elements

A

Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. Have unique physical and chemical properties.

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118
Q

4 Elements that make up 96.1% of body mass are:

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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119
Q

Lesser Elements of the Body (9) that make up 3.9% of body mass:

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfer, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnisium, Iodine, Iron.

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120
Q

Trace elements make up 0.01% of body mass and are part of, or activate _________.

A

Enzymes

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121
Q

Atoms are composed of _____________.

A

Subatomic Particles

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122
Q

3 Subatomic Particles

A

Proton, Neutron, Electron

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123
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles in the nucleus. Make up the atomic number of an element.

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124
Q

Neutron

A

Neutrally charged particles in the nucleus. Help make up the atomic weight, along with protons.

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125
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the atom. Help make bonds with other atoms.

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126
Q

Most atoms chemically combine to form ___________ or ________.

A

Molecules or compounds.

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127
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost electron shell.

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128
Q

Electrons in the valence shell:

A

Have the greatest potential energy. Are chemically reactive and involved in chemical bonding.

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129
Q

Octet Rule

A

Rule of 8’s. Most valence shells are filled by 8 electrons.

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130
Q

Chemically Inert Elements

A

Stable and unreactive with a full valence shell.

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131
Q

Chemically Reactive Elements

A

Valence shell not full. Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability.

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132
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Share 2 or more electrons

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133
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another.

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134
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Attractive force between an electro positive Hydrogen molecule and an electro negative atom of another element.

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135
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged particles. Particles that gain electrons.

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136
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged particle. An atom that loses electrons.

137
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons shared equally. Produces equally balanced, non-polar molecules.

138
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar molecules.

139
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.

140
Q

Synthesis Reactions

A

A+B=AB. Anabolic and Endergonic.

141
Q

Anabolic

A

Bond formation within a cell.

142
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy is absorbed.

143
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

AB=A+B. Catabolic and Exergonic.

144
Q

Catabolic

A

Bond breaking activity within a cell.

145
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released.

146
Q

Exchange Reactions

A

AC+B=AB+C. Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions.

147
Q

Oxidation Reduction Reactions

A

Happens when breaking down food for energy. Decomposition of food fuels. Exchange reactions for creating ATP.

148
Q

Factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions.

A

Increased temperature, Increased concentration of reactant, Decreased particle size, enzymes

149
Q

Mixture

A

Physically intermixed matter, no chemical bonds

150
Q

Solvent

A

Greatest amount, dissolving unit

151
Q

Solute

A

Lesser amount

152
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous, solute doesn’t settle out. Salt water.

153
Q

Colloid

A

Heterogeneous, solute doesn’t settle out. Jello.

154
Q

Suspension

A

Heterogeneous, solute settles out, Blood.

155
Q

Cytoplasm is composed of

A

Cytosol, Organelles, and Inclusions

156
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid in which cytoplasmic elements are suspended.

157
Q

Cytosol is what type of mixture?

A

Colloid

158
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machienery of the cell.

159
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances

160
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration. Requires oxygen.

161
Q
A

Mitochondria

162
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of synthesis of 2 classes of proteins.

163
Q
A

Ribosomes

164
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles.

165
Q

Membrane Bound Ribosomes

A

Form rough ER. Synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell.

166
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes that synthesize secreted proteins and membrane proteins and phospholipids.

167
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Metabolism of lipids, sugars, and steroid hormones. Detoxification of drugs, carcinogens and pesticides.

168
Q
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

169
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, concentrates, and packages protein and lipids from rough ER.

170
Q
A

Golgi Apparatus

171
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify harmful substances. Neutralize dangerous by-products of cellular metabolism.

172
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs that contain activated digestive enzymes.

173
Q
A

Lysosomes

174
Q

Endomembrane System

A

All membrane bound organelles that share movement between them.

175
Q

Example of Endomembrane System

A

Rough ER to Golgi Apparatus to Lysosome

176
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Elaborate series of rods and linker proteins throughout cytosol.

177
Q

Cytoskeleton is made up of these 3 Rods:

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

178
Q
A

Microfilament

179
Q
A

Intermediate Filament

180
Q
A

Microtubule

181
Q

The cytoskeleton is involved in:

A

Cell shape, movement, reproduction, endocytosis, exocytosis, anchoring, distribution or organelles, and movement of vesicles.

182
Q

Cilia

A

Move substances across cell surfaces with whiplike extensions.

183
Q

Flagella

A

A longer extension that propels the entire cell.

184
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extensions of plasma membrane. Increase surface area for absorption.

185
Q

Nucleus

A

The largest organelle. Genetic library with instructions for cellular proteins. Responds to signals by directing protein synthesis.

186
Q
A

Nucleus

187
Q

3 Extracellular Materials

A

Body fluid, cellular secretions, extracellular matrix

188
Q

Body Fluids

A

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

189
Q

Cellular Secretions

A

intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids.

190
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Mesh of proteins and lipids that hold cells together

191
Q

Cell

A

The basic structure and

192
Q

3 basic parts of human cells:

A

Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus

193
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

The basic structure of the plasma membrane

194
Q

Makeup of the Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

195
Q

Phosphate heads are:

A

Hydrophilic and Lipophobic

196
Q

Fatty Tails are:

A

Lipophilic and Hydrophobic

197
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Proteins that coordinate communication with specialized functions.

198
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Inserted into the membrane.

199
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Attached to the integral proteins.

200
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface. Highly specific biological markers.

201
Q

Plasma Membrane Structure

A

Lipid bilayer and membrane proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic.

202
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Impermeable cell bonds. Prevent fluids and molecules from going between cells. Integral proteins fuse.

203
Q

Desmosomes

A

Rivets that anchor cells together. Distributes tension through cellular sheet.

204
Q

Desmosomes reduce the chance of ___________.

A

Tearing

205
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Proteins form pores and allow molecules to pass through cells.

206
Q

Connexons

A

Pores in gap junctions

207
Q

Gap Junctions are found in ___________.

A

Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Cells

208
Q

Desmosomes are found in the ___________

A

Skin, heart

209
Q

Tight Junctions are found in the ___________

A

Urinary and digestive system

210
Q

Plasma membranes are _________________.

A

Selectively Permeable

211
Q

Passive Transport

A

Don’t require ATP

212
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP

213
Q

In Passive transport the substance moves down the ________________

A

Concentration gradient

214
Q

Two types of Passive Transport

A

Diffusion and Filtration

215
Q

3 Types of Diffusion

A

Simple Diffusion, Carrier and Channel, and Osmosis

216
Q

What allows a molecule to diffuse in the membrane?

A

Lipid soluble, small enough, and if not, carriers able to carry them through the membrane.

217
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the membrane.

218
Q

Carrier Mediated Diffusion

A

Transmembrane Integral proteins transport specific polar molecules.

219
Q

Channel Mediated Diffusion

A

Transmembrane proteins form aqueous channels.

220
Q

Leakage Channel

A

Always open channel

221
Q

Gated Channel

A

A channel that opens and closes with electrical signals.

222
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent (water) across the membrane.

223
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channels that move water in and out of the cell.

224
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of solute particles in a solution.

225
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Tendancy of water to move into a cell by osmosis.

226
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

back pressure of water on membrane.

227
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of a solution to alter cell’s water volume.

228
Q

Isotonic

A

Has equal amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid as in the cytosol.

229
Q

Hypertonic

A

Has a higher amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid than in the cytosol. Cells tend to shrink.

230
Q

Hypotonic

A

Has a lower amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid than in the cytosol. Cells tend to lyse and break.

231
Q

What are characteristics of a molecule that require active transport?

A

Not lipid soluble, Large solute, Move against the gradient, not able to move down gradient

232
Q

Two types of active transport

A

Primary and Secondary

233
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in the transport protein that pumps solutes across membrane.

234
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Needed to maintain Potassium and Sodium levels. 3 Cytoplasmic Na bind to the pump, cause it to change shape, and return 2 K into the cytoplasm.

235
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Dependent on active transport. Drive glucose up it’s concentration gradient, transported with sodium.

236
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Active transport across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles.

237
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of cell.

238
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into a cell.

239
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell membrane extensions engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior.

240
Q

Phagosome

A

Membrane bound molecule from phagocytosis.

241
Q
A

Phagocytosis

242
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Plasma membrane infolds bringing extracellular fluid and solutes inside.

243
Q
A

Pinocytosis

244
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

Allows for specific endocytosis.

245
Q

Ligand

A

A signaling molecule used for receptor mediated endocytosis.

246
Q
A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

247
Q
A

Exocytosis

248
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across all membranes.

249
Q

Voltage of a membrane ranges from _______ to _________.

A

-50 to -100

250
Q

______________ establishes RMP

A

Selective diffusion

251
Q

_______________ maintains electrochemical potential

A

Active Transport

252
Q

______ is the main chemical influence on RMP.

A

Potassium

253
Q

T or F: The Sodium Potassium pump helps maintain electrochemical potential.

A

True

254
Q

Palytoxin

A

A toxin found in soft corals that poisons the Na-K pump.

255
Q

Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

Anchor, Assist in Movement, Attrack Leukocytes, Stimulate Synthesis or degradation, Signaling

256
Q

Roles of Plasma Membrane Receptors

A

Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling

257
Q

Cell Environment Interactions

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Plasma Membrane Receptors, Voltage-gated channel proteins

258
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows and carries out functions. 3 subphases.

259
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Divides into 2 cells. 2 phases.

260
Q

Mitosis

A

Nucleus divides

261
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides.

262
Q

Contact Inhibition

A

Too many cells in a space. Cell division stops.

263
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA with instructions for creating a polypeptide chain.

264
Q

Transcription

A

Transfors information of DNA sequence to complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule.

265
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Transcript of code from DNA carried to cytoplasm.

266
Q

Translation

A

Language of nucleic acid translated to language of protein.

267
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Development of specific and definitive features in cells.

268
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death caused by disease or injury

269
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death.

270
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells to repair something.

271
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of cells. Loss of stimulation to blame.

272
Q

Three Pigments that contribute to skin color

A

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

273
Q

Melanin

A

Produced in the melanocytes in skin. Transferred to keratinocytes to form pigment shields for nuclei. Red-Yello and Brown Black.

274
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange pigment obtained from diet.

275
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pinkish hue of fair skin due to oxygenated hemoglobin pigment.

276
Q

Hair pigments

A

Melanin and Trichosiderin

277
Q

Red hair pigment

A

Trichosiderin

278
Q

Vellus Hair

A

Pale, fine body hair.

279
Q

Terminal Hair

A

Course long hair of eyebrows and scalp. Can appear around puberty.

280
Q

Alopecia

A

Hair thinning after age 40.

281
Q

True Baldness

A

Growth cycles of hair are very short and don’t break the skin.

282
Q

What inhibits the growth of hair?

A

The accumulation of DHT.

283
Q

What is a treatment for hair loss

A

Minoxidil, or Finnesteride.

284
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

Protection, Body temp regulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Excretion, Blood Reservoir and metabolic functions.

285
Q

Chemically protective barriers of skin

A

Melanin and Skin Secretions

286
Q

Skin Secretions

A

Acid mantle, sebum, and defensins

287
Q

Physical barriers of skin

A

Strateum Cornum dead cells, Keratin and glycolipids block water.

288
Q

Biological Barriers of skin

A

Dendridic cells and macrophages

289
Q

Insensible Perspiration

A

When body temperature is normal, perspiration

290
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

A cooling mechanism if body temperature rises.

291
Q

Maintaining homeostasis in cold temperature

A

Skin blood vessels constrict, skin cools.

292
Q

Tactile, Meissner’s Corpsicles

A

Fine touch receptors in the dermal papillae

293
Q

Lamellar, Pacinian Corpsicles

A

Deep pressure receptors in the dermis and hypodermis.

294
Q

Metabolic functions of the skin

A

Synthesis of Vitamin D, Conversion of carcinogens, activate some hormones.

295
Q

The dermal vascular supply holds up to _______ of the body’s blood volume.

A

5%

296
Q

Risk factors for skin cancer

A

UV exposure, irritation of skin.

297
Q

One in ______ Americans develop skin cancer.

A

5

298
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Most common, least malignant type of cancer. Stratum basale cells invade the dermis and hypodermis.

299
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Second most common type. Can metastisize. Involves the stratum spinosum. Usually scaly and red.

300
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of the melanocytes. Most dangerous.

301
Q

ABCD Rule

A

Used for spotting melanoma. A-asymmetry, B-border, C-color, D-diameter

302
Q

Effects of Skin Burns

A

Denatures proteins and kills cells.

303
Q

Immediate threat of skin burns

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

304
Q

Secondary threat of skin burns

A

Infection

305
Q

First Degree Burn

A

Epidermal damage only. Localized redness and swelling.

306
Q

Second Degree burn

A

Epidermal and Upper Dermal Damage, Blisters appear.

307
Q

Third Degree Burns

A

Entire thickness of skin involved. May need skin grafts, Not painful because nerve endings are destroyed.

308
Q

Burns are critical if:

A

Second degree >25%

Third Degree >10%

Third degree on face, hands, or feet

309
Q

Treatment of Burns

A

Removal of burned skin, Antibiotics, Skin grafts, Temporary covering

310
Q

Layers of the integument

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

311
Q

Epidermal Tissue Makeup

A

Keritanized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

312
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant, tightly connected, produce karatin

313
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin

314
Q

Dendridic Cells

A

Defense Cells

315
Q

_____ layers in thin skin

A

4

316
Q

The 4 layers of thin skin

A

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum Corneum

317
Q

_______ layers in thick skin

A

5

318
Q

5 Layers of thick skin

A

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum

319
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Actively mitotic single row of cells. Bottom layer of epidermis.

320
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Several layers of keratinocytes attached by desmosomes

321
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

1-5 layers of deteriorating keratinocytes

322
Q

Stratum lucidium

A

Only in thick skin. Thin clear layer of dead keratinocytes

323
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Most superficial layer of skin. Made up of flat, dead keratinocytes.

324
Q

We shed about __________ cells every minute.

A

50,000

325
Q

Dermal tissue makeup

A

Connective Tissue

326
Q

The dermis contains _________, _________, and ____________

A

Nerve fibers, blood vessels, and hair follicles

327
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Superficial dermal layer. Loose areolar connective tissue. many blood vessels. Dermal Papillae

328
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Dermal ridges that may contain tactile receptors, make fingerprints. Attach epidermis to dermis

329
Q

Friction Ridges

A

Dermal ridges

330
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Dense irregular connective tissue. Cause clevage/flexure lines.

331
Q

Appendages of the Skin

A

Hair, Nails, Sweat and Sebaceous Glands

332
Q

Hair Bulb

A

Extended deep into the hair follicle

333
Q

Hair Matrix

A

Actively dividing area

334
Q

Hair Follicle Receptor

A

Sensory nerve receptors

335
Q

Arrector Pilli Muscle

A

Muscle attached to follicle. Goosebumps.

336
Q

Nails

A

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis. Contain hard keratin.

337
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Ducts connect to pores on the skin. Over the entire body. Are able to regulate body temperature.

338
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Axillary and anogenital areas. Secrete fatty and oderous substances. Ducts empty into hair glands.

339
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Secrete oil onto skin. Empty into hair follicles, Everywhere except for palms and soles. Secrete sebum.

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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