lecture exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
study of the body structure/ morphology
A
anatomy
2
Q
anatomy of the systems of the body; organized by organ systems
A
systemic anatomy
3
Q
an approach to anatomic study based on regions, parts, or divisons of the body
A
regional anatomy
4
Q
study of external features of the body. deals with anatomical fratures that can be studied by sight (topographic)
A
surface anatomy
5
Q
technique used to study structures beneath the skin
A
palpation
6
Q
study of cells
A
cytology
7
Q
study of tissues
A
histology
8
Q
study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span, from conception to death
A
developmental anatomy
9
Q
conception through birth and up to first year of life
A
embryology
10
Q
comparison of structures between animals
A
comparitive anatomy
11
Q
study of the functions of the body. chemical reactions within the body
A
physiology
12
Q
is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive.
A
cell physiology
13
Q
is the study of the function of the body’s systems.
A
systemic physiology
14
Q
study of disease processes
A
pathological physiology
15
Q
study of drug actions in the body
A
pharmacological physiology
16
Q
method of investigation by cutting open
A
dissection
17
Q
method of investigation by use of a microscope
A
microscopy
18
Q
method of investigation by x-ray
A
radiography
19
Q
method of investigation by cat scans or ct scans
A
tomography
20
Q
method of investigation that uses high frequency sound waves
A
ultrasound
21
Q
method of investigation that uses radioactive isotopes
A
scintigraphy
22
Q
method of investigation that uses magnets and radiowaves
A
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
23
Q
basic structure and function in living organisms
A
cell
24
Q
levels of organizations
A
atoms, molecules, organelles
25
aggregation of similar cells joined to perform a specific function
tissue
26
4 types of tissue
epithelial, nerve, muscular, connective
27
a structure consisting of 2 or more tissues that perform a specific function
organ
28
a group of organs which function together
organ system
29
how many organ systems are in the human body?
11
30
system consists of skin, hair, and nails.
integmentary system
31
this system forms basic framework of the body
skeletal system
32
system responsible for movement of skeleton and the maintenance of body posture. has 3 types. (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
muscular system
33
made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
nervous system
34
system contains numerous glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities such as growth, reporoduction, metabolism, and water balace
endocrine system
35
system consist of heart, and blood vessels
circulatory system
36
system is made up of lymph nodes
lymphatic system
37
system responsible for breathing (lungs)
respiratory system
38
comprised of organs designed to ingest food and break it down
digestive system
39
system contains kidneys and other organs to excrete waste via urine
urinary system
40
is made up of organs and structures that enable humans to reproduce
reproductive system
41
maintenance of a stable, constant internal bodily environment
homeostasis
42
closed loop
negative feedback
43
spiral
positive feedback
44
standing erect, with palms and toes facing forward
anatomical position
45
separates body into right and left halves
sagittal
46
sagittal plane along the midline of the body
Midsagittal
47
separates the body into front and back (frontal)
coronal
48
separates the body into top and bottom (horizontal)
transverse
49
a cut perpendicular to the long axis of the structure
cross section
50
a cut parallel to the long axis of the structure
longitudinal section
51
a cut at an oblique angle to the long axis of the structure
oblique section
52
above toward the head
superior
53
below towards the feet
inferior
54
toward the front of the surface of the body
ventral (anterior)
55
toward the back surface of the body
dorsal (posterior)
56
toward the midline of the body
medial
57
away from the midline of the body
lateral
58
at the midline of the body
median
59
refering to 2 sides along the longitudinal axis
bilateral
60
on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
61
on different sides of the body, along a longtiduinal axis
contralateral
62
closer to the trunk
proximal
63
further away from the point of attatchment
distal
64
closer to the body of the surface, away from the core of the body/ further away the body surface, towards the core of the body
superficial/deep
65
partitioned by the diaphragm; contaiins viscera
ventral cavity
66
associated with lungs
pleural cavity
67
associated with the heart
pericardial cavity
68
associated with the brain
cranial cavity
69
asssociated with the spine
vertebral cavity
70
cavities associated with the face
oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear (otic)
71
equals the # of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
72
equals the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
atomic mass
73
atoms with the same number of protons
elements
74
atoms of an element with differeing numbers of neutrons
isotopes
75
dependent upon the number of electrons in the outer shell
inert vs. reactive elements
76
electrons are either accepted or given away
ionic bond
77
cations and anions
cations(+) anions(-)
78
electrons are shared between two different bonds
covalent bonds
79
intramolecular or intermolecular bonds
hydrogen bonds
80
large compounds are broken down into smaller ones; catabolism
decomposition rate
81
smaller compounds are combined into larger ones; anabolism
synthesis reaction
82
a+b= ab or ab+cd= ac+bd
exchange reaction
83
ac+bd=ab+cd
reversible reaction
84
reactions in which a water molecule is taken away or added, respectively
dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolisis
85
dependent upon reactant concentration, temperature, pH and the presence or absence of catalyst, among other things. spped it takes for reaction to occur
reaction rate
86
has carbon (chains)
organic matter
87
contains no carbon small 12-15 atoms
inorganic matter
88
a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH
89
pH of 0-6.9 has more hydrogen ions
acidic solution
90
pH of 7.1-14 has more hydrogen ions
basic solution
91
soluble inorganic molecules which will conduct an elctrical current
electrolytes
92
water participates in many of the reactions within the body
chemical reactivity
93
water is slow to heat up and slow to cool down
thermal stability
94
water molecules cling readily to one another; surface tension
cohesion
95
inorganic bases contain__________
hydroxyl ions
96
inorganic substance (sodium, potasium)
minerals
97
3-7 carbon atoms glucose and fructose "simple sugars"
monosachirrides
98
2 molecules with the same chemical formula but different shape
isomers
99
2 monosacchirides combined together
disacchirides
100
3 or more monosacchirides bound together (hydrophobic)
polysaccharides
101
structural element of the cell wall of plants (fiber)
cellulose
102
long chains of glucose strung together (how plants store energy)
starch
103
highly branched chains of glucose
glycogen (animal starch)
104
carbohydrates bonded to protiens, or lipids (glycolipids, and glycoprotiens)
conjugated carbohydrates
105
composed of a long carbon chain with a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group at the end
fatty acids
106
molecule composed entirely of single bonds between adjacent carbons vs. the presence of one or more double bonds between adjacent carbons
saturated vs unsaturated
107
one vs two or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms
monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated
108
fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule
glycerides
109
cholesterol and some hormones
steroids
110
a diglyceride attached to a non-lipid group via a phosphate group; amphiphillic
phospholipids
111
a diglyceride attached to a carbohydrate; amphiphillic
glycolipids
112
proteins contain_____, _____, _____, ______
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
113
Composed of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds; essential vs non-essential amino acids
protiens
114
primary, secondary, teritary, and quaternary
protein structure
115
biological catalysts of the body
enzymes
116
combination of protien and carbohydrate molecules (glycoproteins, and proteoglycans)
conjugated proteins
117
basic unit of nucleic acid, composed of 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)+ phosphate group + nitrogenous base)
nucleotide
118
dna bases _____ _______ ______ ______
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
119
rna bases _____ ______ _______ ______
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
120
the main high energy compound of living systems; energy is stored in covalent binds between adjacent phosphate groups and released when the bond is broken
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
121
double layer of phospholipids (plasma membrane) with large globular protein molecules scattered throughout. also regulates substance passage into and out of cell
cell membrane
122
passive movement of water from regions of high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
123
passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
124
particle concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell
tonicity
125
equal concentrations outside vs inside
isotonic
126
greater outside vs inside
hypertonic
127
lower outside vs inside
hypotonic
128
forced movement of luid across a membrane whose pores restrict the passageof slolutes based on their size
filtration
129
movement of a substance across the cell membrane by means of a protein carrier
carrier mediated transport
130
passive movement along a concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
131
ATP driven movement against a concentration gradient
active transport
132
transports substances into the cell
endocytosis
133
vesicular movement of fluids
pinocytosis
134
vesicular movement of extracellular substances
phagocytosis
135
transports substances out of the cell
exocyotosis
136
fluid medium within which cellular organelles are suspended
cytosol (in cytoplasm)
137
complex network of interconnected membranes, forming sacs and canals.
transports and stores materials within cell
endoplasmic reticulum
138
ribosomes attached to surface, associated with protein production
rough ER
139
no associated ribosomes; associated with lipid production
smooth ER
140
Spherical particles of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA); fixed vs free ribosomes.
synthesize proteins
ribosomes
141
stack of interconnected flattened, membraneous sacs usually located near the cell nucleus.
processes protein molecules for secretion
golgi aparatus
142
membranous sacs
| storage and transport compartments
vesicles
143
double membraned, elongated sac, with inner partitions
| cell's power plant site of ATP production
Mitochondria
144
typically, tiny membranous sacs
| digestion of nutrients and foreign particles
lysosomes
145
microfilaments and microtubles
thin threadlike rods and tubes
cell support and movement
cytoskeleton
