Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginitis) (fungi)

Answer 1

Candida albicans

Answer 2

Coccidioides immitis

Answer 3

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer 4

Cryptosporidium parvum

Answer 5

Giardia lamblia (protist)

Answer 6

Plasmodium falciparum (protist)

Answer 7

Tania solium

Answer 8

2, naked and enveloped

Answer 9

- nonliving entities, not cells - rely on enzymes/substrates of a host cell - don't replicate outside out of a host - outside a host are completely inert, do not grow or develop - much smaller than bacteria!

Answer 10

Nucleic acid in a capsid. (Nucleocapsid).

Answer 11

Nucleocapsid in a phospholipid envelope. Membrane derived from host membrane or organelles of host membrane.

Answer 12

- Function in attachment to host cell - Found in naked and enveloped virus - So that virus infects the right cell. Viruses very specific!

Answer 13

- dsDNA (immediate) - ssDNA (immediate) - dsRNA (needs enzyme) - +ssRNA (immediate, functions as mRNA) - -ssRNA (needs enzyme)

Answer 14

Viruses that infect bacteria. Found everywhere.

Answer 15

1. Attachment 2. Entry - via protein needle 3. Synthesis - make RNAs, which are read to make proteins 4. Assembly - viruses are assembled 5. Release - via lysis of host cell Plaques on agar due to lytic replication.

Answer 16

A bacteriophage that can choose between lytic and lysogenic replication?

Answer 17

When the temperate phage is within the bacteria's chromosome. With reproduction both cell DNA and prophage are replicated.

Answer 18

The process by which a dormant prophage detaches from the DNA of a bacterium and switches from lysogenic to lytic replication.

Answer 19

Bacteriophage is virulent, can infect host cell. Temperate phage injects a dormant prophage, which can use lysogenic or lytic replication.

Answer 20

Presence of a lysogenic phage (or multiple) alters the phenotype of the cell. Viruses do not produce toxins, but cause the bacteria to produce toxins.

Answer 21

1. Virus type 2. Type of genetic material 3. Same basic steps as bacteriophage

Answer 22

+RNA contains genetic code | -RNA complement to the code

Answer 23

Glycoproteins/other molecules attach to host cell receptors due to chemical attraction between virus and cell receptors.

Answer 24

Endocytosis or membrane fusion

Answer 25

Endocytosis, or injection of nucleic acid into cell

Answer 26

1. Attachment 2. Entry/penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release

Answer 27

Cytoplasm, dsRNA and -ssRNA must carry their own enzymes

Answer 28

Nucleus, using host enzymes

Answer 29

Antonie VanLeeuwenhoek Used a magnifying glass w/excellent optics, not a compound microscope. Saw "animalcules"

Answer 30

Theory that eukaryotic cells developed from prokarkyotic cells

Answer 31

Structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipids with protein molecules

Answer 32

Thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins that carries genetic information

Answer 33

Specialized structure within a cell

Answer 34

Division into 4 daughter cells

Answer 35

Ribosome is 70s. Circular DNA. Double membrane. Cristae - folds created by the inner membrane Matrix - inside of inner membrane

Answer 36

2 membrane, where photosynthesis takes place

Answer 37

Sites where photosynthesis occurs. Small discs.

Answer 38

Stacks of thylakoids

Answer 39

Surround grana/thylakoids. 70s ribosomes, suggesting that chloroplasts came from bacteria.

Answer 40

Maintains cell shape, motility, anchors organelles, vehicle transports, cytokinesis(division) - Microtubules - Microfilaments - Intermediate filaments

Answer 41

Organelle that synthesizes proteins. Made of rRNA and protein, same function in both bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. Lg - 60s Sm - 40s Together - 80s

Answer 42

Packages proteins

Answer 43

2 membrane, 2 phospholipid bilayers. Things go in/out via nuclear pores. Holds DNA, which determines function. Different gene expressions produce different phenotypes

Answer 44

Site of ribosome biogenesis

Answer 45

protein synthesis

Answer 46

Calcium storage, lipid synthesis

Answer 47

Robert Hooke, under compound microscope

Answer 48

Microtubules. No bacteria have cilia!

Answer 49

First to observe microorganisms. Used magnifying glass w/excellent optics

Answer 50

Complete set of genes in an organism

Answer 51

Extra-chromosomal molecule of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome. Typically circular, typically not in eukaryotes but common in bacteria. Contains non-essential, accessory genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Answer 52

Flagella inside the structure of the cell, also called axial filaments.

Answer 53

Movement in response to a stimulus (bacterial cells)

Answer 54

Appendages on bacterial cells. Fimbriae: bristle like proteins used for adhesions. More numerous, often attach to microvilli of intestines. Pili: long protein appendages, less numerous, used for adherence, some used for motility (reeling in), used for conjugation

Answer 55

Layer of complex carbohydrates covering the bacterial cell. - Capsule: dense, firmly attached, helps escape digestive system by binding to antibodies - Slime layer (biofilm): loosely attached to the cell, very protective.

Answer 56

Forms bacterial cell wall, consists of amino acids and carbohydrates. Protects from osmotic forces, maintains cell shape. - Made of NAGs and NAMs - Thick layer with Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 57

The bacterial cell wall is not totally solid, things can flow through the peptidoglycan without transport proteins

Answer 58

Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, comprised of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O-side chain. (Phospholipids and proteins)

Answer 59

G-pos: plasma membrane, peptidoglycan. Contains teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid, not found in G-neg G-neg: plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan, outer LPS

Answer 60

Subgroup of Gram-positive bacteria that has mycelia acid in the cell wall, which is a wax that prevents the gram stain from working properly. Have to use acid-fast stain to visualize. Example: tuberculosis

Answer 61

Motility. Rotate from H+ to propel through the environment.

Answer 62

Bacterial movement in response to food

Answer 63

Bacterial movement in response to light

Answer 64

Form via sporulation. Metabolically inactive, resistant to drying, UV light, heat, cold. Form when conditions are unfavorable, dormant until conditions improve for vegetative growth.

Answer 65

Simpler than in eukaryotes. Helical/linear proteins force bacteria to take a bacillus shape.

Answer 66

Comma shape for bacteria

Answer 67

Pleomorphic

Answer 68

Taxonomy. Organized based on evolutionary similarities.

Answer 69

"Linnean system" First system of taxonomy/classification. It had 3 kingdoms: plants, animals, minerals. It was the first to establish a "binomial nomenclature" wherein all animals were give a unique genus/species combo.

Answer 70

Carl Woese. Domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archea

Answer 71

Animal that is not a plant/animal/fungus

Answer 72

Multicellular. Cells form long filaments called hyphae. A mat of hyphae=mycelium

Answer 73

Multicellular, oval-round in shape

Answer 74

A "filament" of yeast cells that do not attach after budding. (Candida albicans)

Answer 75

Switch from mold (environment) to yeast (inside a person) depending on temperature

Answer 76

Unicellular/no cell walls. Complex life cycles, use sexual and asexual reproduction. Cholesterol

Answer 77

Uni or multicellular. Asexual or sexual. Parasites or saprobes (live off death). Cell wall = chitin Cell membrane = ergosterol

Answer 78

Cell wall = chitin | Cell membrane = ergosterol

Answer 79

1. Trophozoite: feeding, growth. Happens in all protozoa. Often motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (cytoplasm extension) 2. Cyst: not in all protozoa. Environmentally resistant, not feeding, similar to endospores. Can survive GI tract then become a trophozoite in the gut.

Answer 80

Multicellular, complex organ systems w/variation among groups. Mostly sexual reproduction.

Answer 81

- Membrane bound nucleus - Sexual or asexual - Can have cell wall - insensitive to antibiotics - 80s ribosomes - fungi, protists, animals

Answer 82

Tapeworms (animals). Flat, segmented bodies, intestinal parasites that absorb nutrients from host gut. No digestive systems - nutrients are absorbed through the skin. Every segment has both M/F parts. Scolex: at one end, has hooks and suckers for attachment to the host

Answer 83

- No membrane-bound nucleus - Asexual reproduction (mitosis) - Have cell walls - Sensitive to antibiotics - 70s ribosomes

Answer 84

- No membrane-bound nucleus - Asexual - Have a cell wall w/no peptidoglycan - Not sensitive to abx - 70s ribosomes - Adapted for extreme heat, low pH, high salinity. Not pathogens. - Cell membrane is monolayer with isoprenoid subunits, not fatty acids (would melt) - Methagenous - converts CO2 to methane

Answer 85

Require high salt concentrations for growth (hot springs)

Answer 86

Converts CO2 to methane. Live in soil, H2O, landfills, mammalian digestive tracts

Answer 87

Mostly nonliving entities, not cells. Acellular infections agents that rely on enzymes/substrates of a host cell. Very small. Inert outside of a host. Naked or enveloped

Answer 88

Protein coat that protects viral nucleic acid. Many shapes, all viruses have. Made of capsomeres.

Answer 89

Acquired from a host cell's internal or cell membranes. Can be a phospholipids bilayer or other proteins.

Answer 90

In both naked/enveloped viruses. Function in attachment to a host cell, and to ensure that a virus infects the right cell, as viruses have very specific hosts.

Answer 91

Viruses can have DNA or RNA but not both. Can be circular, linear, or in segments (like chromosomes). DNA: dsDNA, ssDNA RNA: dsDNA, -ssRNA, +ssRNA + is the code, - is the template +ssRNA acts like RNA -ssRNA has the template for the code

Answer 92

The capsid of a virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

Answer 93

Viruses that infect bacteria. Found everywhere.

Answer 94

Attachment. Glycoproteins/other molecules attach to host cell receptors. Chemical attraction between virus and cell receptors

Answer 95

Entry/Penetration. Enveloped: endocytosis or membrane fusion. Naked: endocytosis or injection into cell

Answer 96

Synthesis of nucleic acid. RNA replicates in cytoplasm DNA replicates in nucleus

Answer 97

Virus enzymes that can read RNA to make copies.

Answer 98

RNA - Cytoplasm | DNA - Cytoplasm

Answer 99

Assembly of proteins. RNA - Cytoplasm DNA - Nucleus

Answer 100

Release. Naked viruses released via lysis, enveloped released via exocytosis (nuclear membrane) or budding (cell membrane)

Answer 101

Separate from organism classification and the tree of life.

Answer 102

The ability of phages to survive in a bacterium by integrating in to the DNA of the host. Once integrated they are a prophage. C. diphtheriae V. cholerae

Answer 103

Proteinaceous infections agents that are simpler than viruses, do not have nucleic acid. Native prions change to infections prions due to a change in the secondary structure.

Answer 104

Prion protein made by all mammals. Normal structure is alpha-helices. Functions in membrane transport.

Answer 105

Infections! Folds of beta sheets instead of alpha-helices. Nonfunctional, indigestible, folds up in cell to disrupt cell function. Brain disease - spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, fatal, loss of brain matter). No treatment aside from prevention.

Answer 106

Rare infectious disease, originally caused by cannibalism after death.

Answer 107

Biological catalysts, make reactions possible. - Proteins (usually) - reused - lower activation energy - ribosomes are enzymes - may require cofactors/coenzymes

Answer 108

Inorganic. Metal ions common (MG)

Answer 109

Organic non-protein, NAD+, FAD, coenzyme Q

Answer 110

Reduced to NADH, needed for glycolysis, Krebs, Acetyl CoA synthesis. Oxidized to NAD+ at the ETC or during fermentation.

Answer 111

Competitive inhibition, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation

Answer 112

Found within the cell, active inside the cell, produced/utilized inside the cell

Answer 113

Active outside the cell, secreted by the cell into the environment

Answer 114

Sum of all reactions inside a cell

Answer 115

Series of chemical reactions mediated by enzymes. The product of one becomes the substrate of the next

Answer 116

The break down of large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy (exergonic). Hydrolysis = process of making large molecules into smaller ones

Answer 117

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones using ATP (endergonic).

Answer 118

Feedback inhibition (a type of allosteric inhibition). Synthesize molecules only pan. Tryptophan, which is expensive to make, has an allosteric inhibitor at many steps.

Answer 119

Presence of cheaper substrate prevents the use of an energetically unfavorable one.

Answer 120

Catabolite repression

Answer 121

Stored in the terminal phosphate groups with high energy covalent bonds. 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation 2. Oxidative phosphorylation 3. Photophosphorylation

Answer 122

Photosynthesis

Answer 123

Krebs, glycolysis, fermentation

Answer 124

Aerobic - O2 is final electron acceptor. Via ETC/chemiosmosis. 34-36 ATP Anaerobic - inorganic molecule (NO3-, SO42, CO2). Via ETC/ehcmiosmosis. 32 ATP. Example is methanization.

Answer 125

Organic molecule. Yields 1-2 ATP.

Answer 126

EMP: glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH Entner-doudoroff: glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH

Answer 127

- Alcohol. Fermentation by yeast. Beer wine bread. Glucose + 2 ADP --> 2 ATP + CO2 + Ethanol - Lactic acid, in human muscle cells. Glucose + 2 ADP --> 2 ATP + lactate

Answer 128

``` Homolactic Heterolactic Propionic acid Mixed acid 2, 3 butanediol ABE ```

Answer 129

End products: lactic acid. (yogurt, cheese)

Answer 130

End products: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2 (saurkraut, kimchi)

Answer 131

End products: propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2 (emmentaler)

Answer 132

End products: lactate, succinate, acetate, formate, ethanol, co2, h2. (E. coli)

Answer 133

End products: 2,3 butanediolh, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, co2

Answer 134

End products: acetone, butanol, ethanol. (potential biofuel)

Answer 135

Light dependent: Use light to produce ATP and reduce NADPH. Light independent: autotrophs use ATP and NADPH to fix inorganic carbon

Answer 136

Hepacivirus

Answer 137

Orthohepadnavirus

Answer 138

Simplexvirus

Answer 139

Varicellovirus

Answer 140

Influenzavirus

Answer 141

Lentivirus

Answer 142

Pappillomavirus

Answer 143

Morbillivirus

Answer 144

Rubulavirus

Answer 145

Each cell divides into 2 new cells.

Answer 146

(Generation time). The time required for a bacterial population to double in size, for a bacterial cell to grow/divide. Dependent on intrinsic, nutritional, and physical conditions.

Answer 147

Nn = No x 2^n bacteria generation = Original # of bacteria x growth factor Can calculate expected increase in population if generation time and total growth is known.

Answer 148

No growth or death. Acclimating to new environment. Cells increase in size but do not divide.

Answer 149

Exponential increase, intrinsic growth rate. Ideal time for study for many experience.

Answer 150

Population size does not change, nutrients are decreasing, waste products are increasing. Sporulation begins. Growth rate = death rate

Answer 151

Number of live bacteria declines. Nutrients are depleted, waste products are abundant.

Answer 152

Turbidity. Don't know the # of cells but know that there has been growth. Can track using spectophotometer.

Answer 153

1. Petroff - Hauser chamber slide. Slide with grid, count cells and multiply. Works for dead/non-motile bacteria 2. Serial dilution and viable plate count: can estimate the number of live cells in an original sample (CFU/mL). Serial dilution reduces the # of cells to give a countable # of colonies on plates. (30-300). Decreased by a factor of 10 each dilution.

Answer 154

Chemicals that an organism needs to build biological molecules. (C,H,N,O,S)

Answer 155

Acquire carbon from existing organic molecules. "feeding off the other"

Answer 156

Take in carbon at CO2 (inorganic carbon). "Feeding yourself"

Answer 157

Use chemical reactions as a source of energy. - Organotrophs: use organic molecules as energy source - Lithotrophs: use inorganic molecules as energy source. Found only in microbes.

Answer 158

Use sunlight as a source of energy.

Answer 159

Lithotrophs. Bacteria: nirtosomonas, nitrobacter Archea: methanogens. H2 is electron and energy source.

Answer 160

Use of O2 and O2 containing environments produce molecules that can cause damage to biological molecules. Organisms that tolerate the presence of O2 have to have mechanisms to dealt with reactive molecules like superoxide CO2- and Peroxides O2-2, H2O2). Bacteria have enzymes to detoxify these molecules.

Answer 161

Requires O2 for metabolism. Uses aerobic respiration. Able to detoxify reactive O2 molecules using detoxification enzymes.

Answer 162

Do not use O2, use anaerobic respiration or fermentation. Cannot detoxify reactive O2 molecules, must live in anaerobic environment.

Answer 163

Can detoxify O2 molecules using detoxification enzymes. Will use aerobic respiration of O2 is present but use fermentation if in anaerobic conditions. (E. coli)

Answer 164

Do not require O2, use aerobic respiration or fermentation. Can detoxify O2 radicals with enzymes. (lactobacillus)

Answer 165

-5 to -20 C

Answer 166

15 - 45 C. All pathogens! Human body temperature.

Answer 167

5.5-8.5 pH

Answer 168

7.5-11.5 pH

Answer 169

Amount of free H2O molecules in a substance. All organisms need H2O to carry out metabolic pathways. Water activity (Aw) is a measure of the amount of water in products. Most organisms are inhibited at Aw

Answer 170

Most organisms live in a nearly isotonic environment. The solute concentration in an environment affects the amount of H2O available to organisms. Some are well adapted to NaCl in the environment.

Answer 171

Require NaCl for growth. 3.5-35% g/mL

Answer 172

Do not require NaCl, but can grow in increased salinity

Answer 173

Superoxide dimutase, Catalase

Answer 174

Antibiotic agent, especially agains tuberculosis and the plague

Answer 175

Tuberculosis

Answer 176

Bolulism, perfringens (food poisoning), tetanus, difficile

Answer 177

Typhus, rocky mountain fever

Answer 178

Salmonella, E. Coli, yersinia pestis, shigella

Answer 179

Bortadella pertussis

Answer 180

H. pylori - ulcers, stomach cancer

Answer 181

Gonorrhea, meningitis

Answer 182

Syphilis, lyme

Answer 183

Food poisoning

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

(219 cards)