Lecture (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Chemical Level
A
Atoms and Molecules
2
Q
Cellular Level
A
Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life
3
Q
Tissue Level
A
Tissue: Similar cells that perform a common function
4
Q
Organ Level
A
Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific funtions
5
Q
Organ System Level
A
Organ System: Organs having related functions
6
Q
Organismal Level
A
Organism: Has several organ systems which work together to maintain life.
7
Q
Sagittal
A
Divides the body or organ into unequal right or left portions
8
Q
Midsagittal
A
Divides the body or organ into equal halves
9
Q
Coronal (Frontal)
A
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
10
Q
Transverse (Horizontal, Cross-Sectional)
A
Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
11
Q
Medial
A
Closer to midline
12
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
13
Q
What does Cephalad mean?
A
Head
14
Q
Cephalic Region?
A
Head
15
Q
Orbital Region?
A
Eye
16
Q
Nasal Region
A
Nose
17
Q
Buccal Region
A
Cheek
18
Q
Oral Region
A
Mouth
19
Q
Mental Region
A
Chin
20
Q
Cranial Region
A
Area covered by the scalp
21
Q
Name for Neck?
A
Cervix
22
Q
What is the Cervical Region?
A
The Neck
23
Q
What is the Thorax or Thoracic Region?
A
Chest
24
Q
Pectoral Regions
A
Left and Right Chest
25
Mammary Regions (Breasts)
Sit atop pectoral regions
26
Sternal Region
Between pectoral regions; overlies sternum
27
Axillary Regions
Armpits
28
Abdominal Region
Located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones
29
Pelvic Region
Between the hip bones
30
Deltoid Region
Shoulder
31
Brachial Region
Arm; Between shoulder and elbow
32
Antecubital (Cubital) Region
Front of elbow
33
Antebrachial Region
Forearm
34
Carpal Region
The "wrist"
35
Manus (Hand) Region
The Hand
36
Palmar
Front of hand
37
Dorsum
Back of hand
38
Femoral Region
Thigh
39
Patellar Region
Front surface of knee
40
Popliteal Region
Back of the knee (slightly indented)
41
Crural Region
Leg; between knee and ankle
42
Tarsal Region
Ankle
43
Petal Region
Foot
44
Plantar
Sole
45
Dorsum
Top Surface
46
Cranial Cavity
Brain resides here
47
Vertebral Cavity
Spinal cord resides here
48
Thoracic Cavity
Chest Cavity
49
Pleural Cavity
A lung resides in each
50
Mediastinum
Cavity between lungs
51
Pericardial Cavity
(within mediastinum) contains the heart
52
Abdominal Cavity
From thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones
53
Pelvic Cavity
Between the hip bones
54
Plasma Membrane
Surrounds cell, forms a limiting barrier between external and internal environments
55
Structure of Plasma Membrane?
2 Layers of Phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins
56
Plasma Membrane - Proteins
They're in the membrane and they're loosely attached to the surface
57
Plasma Membrane - Glycoproteins
Proteins with carbohydrates attached
58
Plasma Membrane - Glycolipids
Phospholipids with carbohydrates attached
59
Plasma Membrane - Permeable
Determined primarily by size, charge, and solubility of molecule. Regulates movement of material in/out of cell.
60
Plasma Membrane - Functions - Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion: Movement of substances through the cell membrane based on concentration differences (high to low)
61
Active Transport
Movement of substances through the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
62
Exocytosis
Process by which large molecules are secreted from the cell. Materials packaged within vesicles. Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell.
63
Endocytosis
Process by which large molecules are brought INTO the cell
64
Phagocytosis
"Cel Eating": Engulfment of large particles with membrane extensions
65
Pinocytosis
"Cell Drinking": Indigestion of fluid and small particles
66
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Substances bind to receptor which stimulates the formation of an nvagination and a vesicle is internalized
67
Microvilli
Nonmotile; Help increase the SA
68
Cilia
Motile, move substances over the surface of stationary cell
69
Flagellum
Motile, whip like structure that moves cells.
70
Mitochondrion
Produce ATP. We break a Phosphate away to make it ADP. When reasting, Mitochondrion adds the phosphate back to make ATP
71
Ribosomes
Involved in protein production (syntheis)
72
Free Ribosomes
Makes proteins for the cell
73
RIbosomes attached to the ER...
make proteins primarily for export
74
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce materials)
75
ROugh Er
Has ribosomes on walls. TRansports and modififes proteinsmade by ribosomes.
76
Smooth ER
Has no ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids. Detoxify drugs and alcohol.
77
Golgi Apparatus
Composed of flattened cisternae which modify and package proteins. Package proteins for secretion and forms lysosomes.
78
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes. Enzymatically breaks down internalized material and old organelles. Fatal cytosis is when you bring it in.
79
Centrioles
Needed for cell division (two pairs)
80
Nucleus
Contains a Nuclear Envelope. It has nuclear pores and is selectively permeable.
81
Nucleolus
Made up of RNA, enzymes, and other proteins
82
What happens when a cell isn't dividing?
DNA can be found associated with proteins in a filamentous mass. (Chromatin)
83
DNA
It is made up of nucleotides (each consists of phosphate, sugar, and base)
84
Shape of DNA?
Double Helix
85
Prior to Cell Division...
The DNA "unzips". Free nucleotides will attach to the parent strand (=template). Each new DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and one new strand = replication
86
What is responsible for protein production?
Ribosomes
87
Cell Cycle is divided into how many phases?
Two phases
88
Interphase
Cell is not dividing. DNA is replicated during this time.
89
Mitosis
Mitosis (Cell division for somatic cells) or Meiosis (cell division for sex cells)
90
When is DNA replicated?
During Interphase
91
Mitosis - Step One
Prophase
92
Prophase
1. Chromatin (DNA and Proteins) becomes supercoiled to form chromosomes.
2. Chromosomes are double stranded DNA. Two chromatids joined by a centromere.
3. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down!
4. Spindle fibers extend from centrioles to the chromosomes
93
Mitosis - Step Two
Metaphase
94
Metaphase
Chromosomes align along center of cell
95
Mitosis - Step Three
Anaphase
96
Mitosis - Step Four
Telophase
97
Anaphase
1. The two chromatids split apart at centromere
| 2. Each chromatid, a single stranded chromosome, is pulled to opposite ends of cell
98
Telophase
1. Single chromosomes uncoil
2. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms
3. Ckeavage furrow develops. (Indent in chromosome)
99
What occurs after Telophase?
Cytokinesis
100
What is Cytokinesis?
Division of cytoplasm. Cells now enter Interphase. Without this, they would have two nuclei in a cell.
101
In which of the following stages of mitosis do the centromeres split and the chromatids begin to separate?
Anaphase
102
What is Histology?
Microscopic study of tissues
103
Four kinds of tissues?
Epithelia, Connective, Muscle, Tissue
104
Location of Epithelia?
Covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands
105
Characteristics of Epithelia?
Very Cellular
Has a free surface (apilcal surface)
Bound to underlying tissue by a basement membrane
Avascular (Vessels that lack blood)
106
Epithelia Layer Options?
Simple Epithelium
| Stratified Epithelium
107
Simple Epithelium
One layer thick
108
Stratified Epithelium
Many layers thick
109
Epithelia Shape options?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
110
Squamous
Flattened Cells
111
Cuboidal
Cube-Shaped Cells
112
Columnar
Hexagonal Column
113
What are Simple Squamous Epithelium?
One layer of flattened cells
114
Simple Squamous Epithelium Location?
Lines lumen (cavity) of blood vessels, tiny air sacs of lungs, and lines body cavity
115
Simple Squamous Epithelium Function?
Primarily rapid diffusion and filtration (Thinnest of all tissues)
116
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
One layer of cube-shaped cells
117
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location
Lines tubules (salivary glands and kidneys). (Thicker so its not used for rapid diffusion and filtration)
118
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function
Secretion and Absorption
119
Simple columnar Epithelium
One layer of tall, narrow cells. May have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia.
120
Simple Columnar Epithelium Location
Lines most of GI (Gastrointestinal Tract)
121
Simple Columnar Epithelium Function
Secretion (Mucus and Enzymes) and Absorption (Nutrients)
122
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of cells with varying heights that appears multilayered. One kind has cilia (pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium) and goblet cells
123
Types of Simple Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
124
Types of Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
| Transitional Epithelium
125
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Location
Lines most of respiratory tract
126
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Function
Protection (moving dirty mucus) and Secretion (mucus)
127
Stratified Squamous Epitherlium
Upper layer of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal or polyhedral. Deepest layers highly mitotic.
128
Types of Stratified Squamous Epithlium?
Keratinized and Nonkeratinized
129
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Contains keratin, superficial layers consist of dead cells
130
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location
Epidermis
131
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function
Protection (Protects by making thick barrier to keep things in and out)
132
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Superficial cells are alive and keep moist
133
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location
Oral Cavity, Part of Pharynx, Esophagus, Vagina, and the Anus.
134
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function
Protection
135
Transitional Epithelium
Some cells are binucleated. Surface cells may be done shaped or flattened.
136
Transitional Epithelium Location
Found in most of the urinary tract
137
Transitional Epithelium function
Withstands distention (stretching) and relaxing
138
Glandular Epithelia
Specialized epithelial tissues that have excretory functions.
139
Exocrine Glands
Formed from epithelial tissues - they secrete their materials onto a free surface.
140
Types of Exocrine Glands?
Unicellular
| Multicellular
141
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Goblet Cells
142
Unicellular Exocrine Glands Location
Respiratory and digestive systems.
143
Unicellular Exocrine Glands Function
Secrete mucus!
144
Multicellular Exocrine Gland Types
Merocrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Holocrine Glands
145
Merocrine Glands
Secretes a watery fluid through the cell membrane.
146
Merocrine Gland Example
Salivary Glands. You constantly make and release it
147
Apocrine Glands
Top part of the cell is pinched off, it becomes the secretion. Stored at very top of the cell. Have to release the tip to be released by the rest of the body.
148
Apocrine Gland Example
Mammary Glands
149
Holocrine Glands
Entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies. They produce oil. Cell release and in the duct, it breaks apart releasing oil.
150
Holocrine Gland Example
Sebaceous (Oil) Gland
151
Which epithelial tissue allows primarily for rapid filtration and diffusion?
Simple Squamous
152
Characteristsics of Connective Tissue
Binds/Supports/Protects other tissues and organs, derived from mesenchyme (Embryonic CT)
153
Connective Tissue consists of
Cells
Extracellular Matrix
Vascularity Varies
154
Connective Tissue - Cells
Tons of cells. Typically unattached space between cells.
155
Connective Tissue - Extracellular Matrix.
Outside of the cells, the space between the cells.
156
Whats located in the Extracellular Matrix?
Fibers which include...
Collagen
Elastin
Reticular
Ground Substance
157
Collagen used for
Strength
158
Elastin used for
Elasticity
159
Reticular used for
Support
160
What is Ground Substance?
Reticular fiber in this. Extra cellular matrix suspended in ground substance.
161
What does Vascularity Vary?
Some don't have blood cells.
162
Classifications of Connective Tissues
Connective Tissue Proper - Gel Like
Cartilage - Semisolid
Bone - Rigid
Vascular Tissue - Liquid
163
Connective Tissue Proper
Matrix is gel-like
164
What falls in Connective Tissue Proper?
Loose CT
| Dense CT
165
Loose Connective Tissue contains
fewer fibers, more ground substance
166
Dense Connective Tissue contains
more fibers, fewer ground substance
167
What falls under Loose Connective Tissue?
Areolar CT
| Adipose (Fat Tissue)
168
Areolar CT
Predominant cells are fibroblasts, many irregularly arranged fibers and it's very vascular (blood vesels)
169
Areolar CT Location
Surrounds nerves, vessels, and muscle cells
170
Areolar CT Function
Packing and binding material (artery to vein)
171
Adipose (Fat Tissue)
Contains adipocytes (it's very vascular)
172
Adipose Location
Primarily in the skin
173
Adipose Functions
Stores fat (energy), insulation against temperature changes, an protection (Absorbs Shock)
174
What falls under Dense CT
Dense Irregular CT
| Dense Regular CT
175
Dense Irregular CT
Contains fibroblasts: Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen (very vascular)
176
Dense Irregular CT Location
Dermis (Lower level of skin)
177
Dense Irregular CT Function
Withstands stress in all directions
178
Dense Regular CT
Contains fibroblasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles. Poor vascularity.
179
Dense Regular CT Location
Tendons and Ligaments
180
Dense Regular CT Function
Strength and Flexibility (In One Direction)
181
Cartilage
Semisolid Matrix. Avascular (No Blood Vessels)
Flexible
Heals Slowly
Cells = Chondroblasts (Can heal) and Chondrocytes (Maintain the cartilage)
Cells In Lanunae
182
What falls under Cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
183
Hyaline Cartilage
Matrix contains very fine collagen fibers (Almost impossible to see them)
184
Hyaline Cartilage Location
Found on articular surfaces (ends of bones)
Nasal Septum
Tracheae
Fetal Skeleton
185
Function of Hyaline Cartilage?
Support and Protection
186
Fibrocartilage
Matrix contains thick collagen fibers
187
Fibrocartilage Location
Found in intervertebral disks
Symphysis pubis
Menisci
188
Function of Fibrocartilage?
Withstands compression and absorbs shock
| *Compress and spring back to normal shape; basically shock absorbers
189
Elastic Cartilage
Matrix contains numerous elastic fibers.
190
Elastic Cartilage Location
Outer Ear and Larynx (Voice Box)
191
Function of Elastic Cartilage?
Flexibility and Strength
192
Bone
Matrix is rigid and it's highly vascularized.
193
Types of bone tissue within bones?
Compact (Dense)
| Spongy (Cancellous)
194
Compact Bone
Outer shell of bone
195
Spongy Bone
Inner lattice-work of bone.
| Hemopoietic (red bone marrow) tissue found within spaces
196
Vascular Tissue (Blood)
Contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma
197
Function of Vascular Tissue (Blood)
Transport (Nutrients, Materials, Hormones)
198
Muscle Tissue
Moves body and materials within the body
199
Types of Muscle Tissue?
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
200
Shape of Smooth Muscle Tissue?
Spindle-Shaped Cells (Thick in middle and tapers at the end)
201
Nucleus in Smooth Muscle Tissue?
One centrally location nucleus
202
Smooth Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?
Involuntary
203
Where is Smooth Muscle Tissue Found?
Found in walls of hollow organs
204
Shape of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?
Short, Cylindrical or Bifurcated branching Cells
205
Nucleus in Cardiac Muscle Tissue?
Has one or TWO centrally located nuclei
206
Special feature of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?
Has Intercalated Discs (ICD is a masas of protein that holds cells together so that they don't separate)
207
What distinguished Cardiac Muscle Tissue?
Striations
208
Are Cardiac Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?
Involuntary
209
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Shape?
Long, Cylindrical Cells
210
Nucleus in Skeletal Muscle Tissue?
Nuclei located periphery of cell
211
Distinguishing feature of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Striations
212
Are Skeletal Muscle tissues Voluntary or Involuntary?
Voluntary
213
Nervous Tissue
Makes up the nervous system
214
Types of Nervous Tissue Cell Types?
```
Neurons
Supporting Cells (Neuroglia)
```
215
Neurons
Generate and Conduct Nerve Impulses
216
Supporting Cell (Neuroglia)
Support, protect, and nourish neurons
