Lecture Exam 1 - Ch. 1,4,5,14 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Epidemiology
A
the science of determining when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
2
Q
Pathology
A
The Study of disease
3
Q
Pathogenesis
A
Manner in which a disease develops
4
Q
Etiology
A
Cause of a disease
5
Q
Normal Flora
A
Microorganisms which establish a permanent residence in our bodies but do not produce disease
6
Q
Symbiosis
A
Relationship between normal flora and their host
7
Q
types of symbiosis
A
1) Mutualism
2) Parasitism
8
Q
Mutualism
A
benefits both the host and the organism
ex) E. Coli in the large intestine synthesizes Vitamin K and B while the large intestine supplies nutrients for the bacteria
9
Q
Parasitism
A
one organism is benefitted at the others expense
ex) a tapeworm
10
Q
Opportunistic infections
A
potential pathogenic organisms that ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat
ex) E. Coli cause infections in other parts of the body it isn’t supposed to be in
11
Q
Communicable Disease
A
spread from one host to another
12
Q
Incidence
A
number of individuals that contract a disease within a certain span of time (usually a year)
13
Q
Prevalence
A
% of population having a disease in a given time
14
Q
Frequency
A
How often a disease occurs
15
Q
Sporadic
A
disease occurs occasionally
16
Q
Endemic
A
disease constantly present in a population
ex) common cold
17
Q
Epidemic
A
many people acquire the disease in a short time
ex) the flu
18
Q
Pandemic
A
Disease is occurring worldwide
19
Q
Incubation Period
A
time between initial infection and appearance of symptoms
20
Q
Prodromal Period
A
early, mild symptoms
21
Q
Period of Illness
A
period when disease is the most acute. most severe symptoms occur
22
Q
Period of Decline
A
Symptoms subside
23
Q
Period of convalescence
A
Recovery, not 100% but up there
24
Q
Acute Disease
A
Develops rapidly, lasts only a short while
ex) flu
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Chronic Illness
Develops slowly, can be continual or recurrent
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Subacute disease
Disease which if intermediate
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Latent disease
Causative agent remains inactive then becomes active
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Local Infection
Organism limited to a small area of the body
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Systemic Infection
organism is spread throughout the body by blood or lymph
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Bacteremia
presence of bacteria in the blood
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Viremia
Presence of virus in the blood
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Septicemia
Bacteria dividing in the blood
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Toxemia
toxins in the blood
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Primary infection
Initial cause of the illness
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Secondary Infection
infections caused by opportunistic organisms after the primary infection has weakened the host
36
Reservoir of infection
continual source of the disease causing organism
| can be living or non living
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Non-living reservoirs
soil, water
38
Zoonoses
diseases which occur in animals but can be transmitted to humans
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Direct contact transmission
contact of an agent from its source to a susceptible host. person to person, kissing, touching, intercourse
40
Indirect contact transmission
transmission from reservoir to host by a non-living object
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Fomite
a nonliving transmitter of disease such as a door handle
42
Droplet infection transmission
droplets of mucous or saliva spread in the air by coughing or sneezing
43
Common vehicle transmission
transmission of a disease by a common inanimate reservoir such as food, water, blood, drugs
44
Vectors
animals that carry disease from one host to another
| ex) mosquitos
45
Nosocomial infections
infections acquired as a result of a hospital stay
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Morbidity
incident of notifiable diseases
47
Mortality
Notifiable disease deaths
48
Notifiable Diseases
physicians required by law to report any sign of certain diseases to the U.S. Public Health Services
ex) anthrax, cholera, diphtheria, etc.
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Robert Hooke
1665 - reported that smallest units of life were cells, part of the beginning of cell theory
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1683 - first to observe microorganisms
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Spontaneous Generations
the idea that life arose from nonlife, such as toads and snakes arising from mud because they came out when it rained
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Francisco Redi
1668 - Proved maggots did not arise from decaying meat by putting meat in jars and covering with cheese cloth
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John Needham
1745 - Heated chicken and corn broth, poured into flasks and covered them. "grew" microorganisms
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Lazzaro Spallanzini
1765 - Heated broth like Needham but after sealing containers. no growth
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Louis Pasteur
1861 - Disproved spon. gen. poured broth into flasks. then heated the neck and bent it and heated the broth. no growth. vital force should have been able to get into the open container through bent neck if it existed.
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Louis Pasteur's contributions
- developed fowl cholera vaccine
- anthrax vaccine in animals
- rabies vaccine in humans
- saved the wine and beer industry with pasteurization
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Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914: age that established micro. as a true science
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Germ theory of disease
showed that microorganisms cause disease
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Robert Koch
1876 - established Koch's postulates
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Koch's Postulates
1) same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) Pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in a culture
3) Pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when introduced to a healthy, susceptible animal
4) pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original pathogen
61
Edward Jenner
1796-98: performed first vaccination against smallpox (Immunology)
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Dmitri Ivanowsky
1892 - found that cause of tobacco mosaic disease was small enough to pass through filters
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Wendell Stanley
showed causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was a virus
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recombinant DNA technology
first experiment was in 1970
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Prokaryotes
No nucleus
no histone proteins
cell wall
divide by binary fission, not mitosis or meiosis
can contain Plasmids - small circular double stranded pieces of DNA
66
Eukaryotes
have chromosomes associated with histones
have nuclear envelope
have a cell wall composed of cellulose (plant) or chitin (fungi)
have many membrane bound organelles
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shapes - bacillus
rod shaped
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shapes - coccobacillus
Egg shaped
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shapes - coccus
round
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Shapes - spiral
twisted
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Diplococci
2 coccus bound together
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Streptococci
4 coccus bound together
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staphylococci
Multiple coccus bound together in a lump
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Diplobacillus
2 bacillus bound togther
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Streptobacillus
4 bacillus bound
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Pleomorphic
can have many shapes
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Cell wall
prevents rupture from osmotic pressure
in gram-pos. cells it retains crystal violet dye
in gram-neg. cells it retains safranin (pink) dye
78
Glycocalyx
```
"sugar coating", all substances which surround the cell wall
function - protection and attachment to host
```
79
2 types of Glycocalyces
1) capsule - organized and firmly attached
| 2) slime layer - loosely attached and unorganized (mucoid)
80
Flagellum
found in some prokaryotes
| mobilizes the cell
81
Taxis
movement of bacteria toward or away from a stimulus, chemical (chemotaxis) or Light (phototaxis)
82
Monotrichous
1 flagella
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amphitrichous
flagella on both ends of the cell
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lophotrichous
more than 1 flagella on one end
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pertrichous
flagella all around the cell
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Axial filaments
found mostly in spirochetes, 1 flagellum on each pole wraps around the cell and their contraction and relaxation move the cell
87
Pili
hollow tubes made out of pilin (protein)
| allow for conjunction (connection of organisms) and the transfer of DNA
88
Finbriae
made of pilin, allow for adherence
| smaller and more numerous than Pili
89
Porins
small, specific protein channels that allow movement of small molecules through the cell wall such as iron, maltose, vitamin B12
90
Teichoic acid in the cell wall
found in Gram + cells
| binds cations, prevents wall breakdown during growth, and stores phosphates to make ATP
91
How do Antibiotics work?
they interfere with cell wall synthesis by breaking the cross-linking chain of tetrapeptide to NAG-NAM polymers
92
Lysozyme
prevent colonization of bacteria by destroying cell walls
93
Isotonic Solution
even NACl inside and outside the cell
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Hypotonic Solution
less NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACl want to move out of the cell
95
Hypertonic Solution
More NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACL to go into the cell
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Diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
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osmosis
diffusion of water
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solvent
item being dissolved
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solute
item doing the dissolving
100
Crenation
RBC shriveling up
101
Plasmolysis
inhibits cell division
102
facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated movement
103
chromatophores
infoldings of plasma membrane which contain enzymes for photosynthesis
104
Nuclear area
area where bacterial chromosome is found
105
plasmids
found in nuclear area
| small circular, double stranded DNA containing mating and antibiotic resistance genes
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inclusions
things that get stuck in the cytoplasm tat can be stained for
107
metachromatic granules
inclusions which stain red with ethylene blue, indicating that they store phosphorous
108
Volutin
name given to describe all metachromatic granules in a cell
109
polysaccharide granules
starch, stains blue w/ iodine, glycogen stains red w/ iodine
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lipid inclusions
stain w/ sudan red
111
Sulfur granules
found in the thiobacilli`
112
Endspore/Sporulation
resnig cells formed by certain gram + bacteria under conditions of low food/water
113
Sporulation overview
```
Replicates DNA
folds PM around new DNA
wraps new DNA in 2 membranes
puts layer of peptidoglycan between membranes
adds another layer of lipid
sends spore on its way
```
114
how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?
2 in glycolysis alone, but if counting the NADH in the ETS, it makes 8
115
how much ATP is produced in the Transition step?
6 ATP
116
How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?
24 ATP
117
How much ATP is produced by breakdown of a molecule of glucose?
40 ATP
118
How much ATP is actually produced for use per molecule of glucose?
36 ATP
119
Chemotrophs
Use energy from chemicals
120
Phototrophs
Use light energy
