Lecture Exam 2 - ch. 6,7,10,12, notes on bacteria Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Physical requirements for bacterial growth
A
temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
2
Q
chemical requirements for bacterial growth
A
water, carbon source, minerals, oxygen
3
Q
psycrophiles
A
cold temperature loving
best @ 0-15 C
4
Q
mesophiles
A
moderate temperature loving
best @ 37 C (98.6; body temp.)
5
Q
Thermophiles
A
heat loving
best @ 60-68 C
6
Q
Hyperthermphiles
A
AKA - extermethermophiles
best @ 90-100 C
7
Q
minimum growth temp
A
lowest temperature at which an organism will grow
8
Q
optimum growth temp
A
temp at which species grows best
9
Q
maximum growth temp
A
highest temp at which growth is possible
10
Q
what does acid do to proteins?
A
denatures them
11
Q
Acidophiles
A
likes to grow in an acidic environment
12
Q
osmotic pressure
A
the ability of a solution to draw in water
13
Q
plasmolysis
A
results in cell membrane shrinking
14
Q
halophiles
A
bacteria which grow in high salt
Ex) dead sea - organisms can grow in up to 30% salt
15
Q
facultative halophiles
A
can grow in up to 2% salt but salt is not needed to live
16
Q
facultative
A
bacteria that can switch and adapt
17
Q
Nitrogen Fixing
A
organisms in soil fix N, which is used by both organisms and increase soil fertility
18
Q
trace elements
A
essential for enzymes as cofactors
19
Q
obligate aerobes
A
require oxygen to live
20
Q
facultative anaerobes
A
can grown with/without oxygen
Ex) E. Coli and yeasts
21
Q
obligate anaerobes
A
unable to use oxygen for metabolism
most are harmed by oxygen
Ex) clostridium tetani and botulinum
22
Q
aerotolerant anaerobes
A
cannot use oxygen, but can tolerate it
23
Q
microaerophilic
A
aerobic require oxygen but grow in concentrations lower than air
24
Q
bacterial division
A
occurs by binary fission
25
generation time
time required for a cell to divide and the population to double
26
phases of growth
```
lag
log (exponential)
stationary
death
decline
```
27
Lag phase
getting used to the environment, no real growth
28
Log (exponential) phase
new cell formation exceeds the death rate
29
stationary phase
the new cell formation is equal to death rate
30
death/decline phase
resources are depleted and the death rate is exceeding the new formation rate
31
Agostino Bassi
1835 - lawyer who demonstrated that certain diseases of the silkworm were contagious, the result of some fungi
32
1850
bacteria added to list of "possible" disease-carrying micro-organisms
33
1865
Villemin proved the contagiousness of human TB
34
1879
Koch identified bacteria-causing wound infection by staining techniques
35
Joseph Lister
1827-1912
| a physician who introduced the concept of aseptic technique
36
Sterilization
destroys all forms of life on an object
37
disinfection
process of destroying normal pathogens but not necessarily endospores and viruses
38
disinfectants
chemicals applied to an object to reduce growth but not necessarily sterilize
39
antisepsis
chemical disinfection of the skin, mucous membranes, or other tissues
40
germicides
chemicals which rapidly kill microbes but not spores
41
bacteriostasis
growth of bacteria is inhibited but organism is not killed
42
asepsis
absence of pathogens from object or area
43
degerming
removal of transient microbes from the skin (the germs we pick up on a day to day basis)
44
sanitization
reduction of pathogens on eating utensils
45
what is the most common method for destroying microbes?
heat
46
thermal death point
TDP
| the lowest temp required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension in ten minutes
47
thermal death time
TDT
| minimum time in which all bacteria in a liquid will be killed at a given temp
48
Pasteurization
mild heat used to kill organisms which cause spoilage
| used for milk
49
filtration
separating
50
desiccation
absence of water, filtration by drying out
51
radiation filtration
forms hydroxyl radicals from water
52
types of disinfectants
phenol, halogens, alcohols, and aldehydes
53
phenols
cresols, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine
54
cresols
AKA coal tars
used to make Lysol
good surface disinfectants
55
hexachlorophene
used to scrub hospital and control nosocomial infections
56
chlorhexidine
not a phenolic
| used to disinfect skin
57
halogens
liquid forms of I2, Br2, and Cl2
58
I2
iodine
| effective against bacteria, fungi, endospores, and some viruses
59
Cl2
prevents normal enzyme function in bacteria
60
alcohols
kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores
| works by protein denaturation and dissolving lipids such as membranes
61
aldehyds
most effective antimicrobials
inactivate proteins
formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
62
formaldehyde
very powerful denature-er; can denature almost anything
| preserves specimens - cadavers
63
glutaraldehyde
most potent antimicrobial
less costic on human skin/membranes that formaldehyde
used for sterilization of medical equiptment
64
what is the hardest to kill?
prions
65
gram-neg. bacteria
fairly easy to kill with heat
66
viruses with a lipid envelope
very sensitive to heat, therefore easy to kill
67
2 groups that viruses are grouped into
enveloped - easy to get rid of
| naked - not so easy to kill
68
taxonomy
the science of classifying living forms
69
what 4 things is the five kingdom system of taxonomy based on?
morphology
breeding
movement
characteristics
70
1978
carl woese proposed 3 kingdom system for classification based on RNA
71
what are the 3 domains in the 3 kingdom system
eukarya
bacteria
archaea
72
in the 3 kingdom system, what domain has kingdoms?
eukarya
73
are archaea antibiotic sensitive?
yes
74
are bacteria antibiotic sensitive?
yes
75
are eukarya antibiotic sensitive?
yes and no; some are and some are not
76
are histones found in prokaryotic cells
only in archaea
77
are histones fond in eukaryotic cells?
yes
78
the DNA in eukaryotic cells is ______?
linear
79
the DNA in eukaryotic organelles is _______?
circular
80
criteria for classification of bacteria
```
morphological characteristics
differential staining
biochemical tests
serology
molecular biology
```
81
morphological characteristics for bacteria classification
shape
endospores
flagella
82
differential staining for bacterial classification
gram pos. and neg.
| acid fast
83
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
most widely accepted classification of bacteria and still used today
84
gel electophoresis
running an electrical current through a semisolid gel to separate macromolecules by size and/or charge
85
Treponema Pallidum
domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-causative agent of syphilis
-treatment: penicillin, IV, IM
86
Borrelia Bugdorferi
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-Causes Lyme disease
-sign: bulls eye rash
-treatment: doxycycline, amoxicillin
```
87
Leptospira interrogans
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-zoonotic (animal to human) infection
-causes leptospirosis
-treatment: doxycycline, penicillin
```
88
Brucella
domain: bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
-causes brucellosis (undulant fever(goes up and down) )
-results from ingestion of contaminated animal products
-treatment: doxycycline and gentamycin
89
Rickettsias
halfway between bacteria and viruses
need to get into host cell to replicate
transmitted by ticks and fleas
90
Rickettsia prowazekii
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes epidemic typhus
-signs: prolonged fever and red spots caused by destroyed capillaries
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol
91
Rickettsia Rickettsia
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes rocky mountain spotted fever
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline
92
-ales
means order
93
Neisseria
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract
94
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea
95
Neisseria Meningitidis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine
96
Bordella Pertussis
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobateria
-causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human
-treatment: erythromycin
-vaccine: DaTP
```
97
-aceae
family
98
E. Coli
Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract
| cause: UTI's, cystitis, pyelonephritis
99
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier
100
Salmonella
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock
101
Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis
2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning
102
Salmonella Enteritidis
gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick
103
Salmonella Typhi
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever
104
shigella
gram neg. rod.
| 4 species cause disease in humans
105
shigella dysenteriae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler's diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine
106
shigella sonnei
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA
107
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes classic pneumonia
-contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it
-common cause of nosocomial infections
```
108
seratia marcescens
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)
109
Proroteus vulgaris
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, infant diarrhea, nosocomial infections
-peritrichous: has flagella all around it
110
Yersinia Pestis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
111
enterobacter
2 strains that cause significant infection
- Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
- aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
- generally less virulent than Klebsiella
112
Neisseria
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract
113
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea
114
Neisseria Meningitidis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine
115
Bordella Pertussis
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobateria
-causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human
-treatment: erythromycin
-vaccine: DaTP
```
116
francisella tularensis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
117
E. Coli
Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract
| cause: UTI's, cystitis, pyelonephritis
118
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier
119
Salmonella
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock
120
Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis
2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning
121
Salmonella Enteritidis
gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick
122
Salmonella Typhi
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever
123
shigella
gram neg. rod.
| 4 species cause disease in humans
124
shigella dysenteriae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler's diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine
125
shigella sonnei
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA
126
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
```
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes classic pneumonia
-contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it
-common cause of nosocomial infections
```
127
seratia marcescens
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)
128
streptococcus agalactiae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted, causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin
129
Yersinia Pestis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
130
enterobacter
2 strains that cause significant infection
- Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
- aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
- generally less virulent than Klebsiella
131
haemophilus influenzae
domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes meningitis in children
- transmitted by respiratory droplets
- common inhabitant of the mouth, intestines, vagina, and respiratory tract
- Treatment: ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-culfamethoxazole
132
pseudomonas aeruginosa
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-mainly causes infection in immunocompromised people
-can cause UTI, meningitis
-infections in healthy people: dermatitis and otitis externa, also known as swimmers ear
133
bacillus anthracis
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes anthrax in animals
- discovered by Robert koch
134
coxiella burnetii
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes Q fever
-airborne or foodborne
135
francisella tularensis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
136
vibrio cholerae
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causative agent of cholera
-treatment: electrolyte, fluid replacement, tetracycline
137
campylobacter jejuni
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes food poisoning
-can cause abortion in cattle and sheep
138
helicobacter pylori
domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes peptic disease syndrome (ulcers)
- only host is human
139
chlamydia trachomatis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: chlamydiae
-STD, causes trachoma which leads to blindnesss
140
chlamydia pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
phylum: chlamydiae
- causes "walking pneumonia"; not sever enough to require hospital stay
- treatment: erythromycin, doxycycline
141
bacteroides spp.
domain: bacteria
phylum: bacteroidetes
- infection results from wounds or punctures, often caused by surgery
142
fusobacterium spp.
domain: bacteria
phylum: fusobacteria
- caused by another humans bite, can cause trench mouth and rat bite fever
143
lactobacillus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- common inhabitant of vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity. produces lactic acid
144
streptococcus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most do not cause disease and are normal part of body
- produce hemolysins which lyse red blood cells
145
streptolysins
enzymes responsible for rupture of red blood cells
146
streptococcus pyogenes
```
domain: bacteria
Phylum: firmicutes
-flesh eating bacteria
-causes impetigo, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis
-treatment: penicillins
```
147
streptococcus agalactiae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin
148
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes pneumonia, meningitis, swimmers ear, and sinusitis
- treatment: penicillin
149
listeria monocytogenes
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes listeriosis
150
staph
gram pos., some species are coagulase pos.
151
Staph. aureus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most pathogenic of staph
- causes toxic shock syndrome, food poison, folliculitis, furuncle, and some acne
- treatment: penicillins
152
bacillus anthracis
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
153
clostridium
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- commonly found in soil contaminated by fecal matter
154
clostridium tetani
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes tetanus, a form of paralysis
155
clostridium botulinum
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- found primarily in soil, used in botox
- also found in sealed cans producing an exotoxin that blocks the release of ACH, causing flaccid paralysis
156
clostridium perfringens
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- the most common cause of gas gangrene
157
M. pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
Phylum: tenericutes
-causes atypical pneumonia AKA "walking pneumonia"
-treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin
158
ureaplasma urealyticum and M. hominis
domain: bacteria
phylum: tenericutes
- cause inflammation of reproductive organs (STD's)
- treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin
159
corynebacterium diptheriae
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes diptheria
160
mycobacterium leprae
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes leprosy
- 10-12 million cases worldwide
- treatment: mix of dapson and rifampin
161
M. tuberculosis
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes tuberculosis
- usually develops in mid-zone of lung
- 1/3 of the worlds population is infected
- treatment: mix therapy of isoniazid and rifampin for 6-12 months
162
Propionibacterium acnes
domain: bacteria
phylum: propionibacteraceae
- major cause of acne
- commonly found on human skin, infects 17 million people in the USA. 85% of which are teenagers
163
Mycology
the study of fungi
164
chemoheterotrophs
use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy
165
what are the cell wall of fungi made out of?
glucans, mannans, and chitin
166
how do fungi spores reproduce
asexual and sexual
167
sexual reproduction in spores uses ______.
meiosis
168
asexual reproduction in spores uses _______.
Mitosis
169
mitosis in spores forms _______.
Diploid cells (2n)
170
meiosis in spores forms ________.
Haploid cells (n)
171
do fungi grow better in acidic or basic conditions?
acidic conditions
172
are molds aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic, so they grow on surfaces
173
fungi need ______ to be classified in the zygomycota phylum.
a sporangium
174
Septate hypha
cells walls are clearly defined in the fungi
175
Coenoctytic hypha
cell walls are not clearly defined in the fungi, and it is hard to tell where one cell ends and another begins
176
sporangium
the sac that holds the spores in fungi
177
sporangiophore
the stock on which the sporangium is held
178
Mycelia
fuzz we see when we look at mold
179
aerial mycelia
mycelia that grow up
180
karyogamy
production of haploid spores
181
the fungi that are in the phylum anamorphs, have lost the ability to ________.
reproduce sexually
182
the fungi that are in the phylum Ascomycota, are termed __________.
"sac fungi", because spores are produced inside as sac called the ascus, which contains 8 spores
183
Canidiospores
spores that are not enclosed in a sac
184
Mycosis(es)
any fungal infection
185
systemic mycoses
fungal infections deep within the body, caused by inhalation of spores
ex) angel of death mushroom. puffball mushroom that releases toxic spores that can kill a human in days
186
Histoplasmosis
```
domain: fungi
Phylum: ascomycota
-caused by histoplasma capsulatum
-superficially resembles TB
-causes 50 deaths/year in the USA
-transmission: airborne conidia
-treatment: amphotericin B or itraconazole
```
187
medications that end in -azole are typically drugs used to treat ______.
fungal infections
188
coccidioidomycosis
domain: fungi
phylum: anamorphs
- caused by coccidioides immitis
- resembles TB, AKA valley fever or san Joaquin fever
- 100,000 cases a year, 50-100 deaths/year
- treatment: ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B
189
Crytococcosis
domain: fungi
phylum: basidiomycota
- causative agent: crytococcus neoformans
- transmitted through pigeon droppings
- has a very large capsule making it hard for drugs to penetrate it
190
superficial mycoses
- localized infections of hair, skin, or nails on outer surface
- rare in US but found in tropics
- ex) Piedras ("stones") nodules that form on the hair shaft
191
dermatophytes
fungi that colonize hair, nails, and stratum corneum.
infections are called dermatomycoses
ex) ringworms or tineas
192
tinea pedis
athlete's foot
193
tinea cruris
jock itch
194
tinea capitis
ringworm of the head
195
trichophyton
infects hair, skin, and nails
| ascomycota
196
microsporum
infects hair or skin
| ascomycota
197
epidermophyton
infects skin and nails
| anamorphs
198
treatment for dermatomycoses?
miconazole, clotrimazole, and tolnaftate
199
subcutaneous mycoses
fungal infections beneath the skin
| infection occurs by invasion of spores into puncture or cut
200
sporotrichosis
caused by sporohrix schenkii
phylum: anamorph
found in soil, most cases occur in gardeners
201
opportunistic fungal infections
caused by fungi that do not normally cause infections
202
mycormycosis
caused by rhizopus, mucor
| infects patients with ketoacidosis from diabetes, leukemia, and immunosuppressive drugs
203
apergillosis
caused by apergillus spores
| occurs in patients with lung disease or cancer that have inhaled the spores
204
candidiasis
caused by candida albicans
normal body flora
causes vaginal infections and thrush
treatment: fluconazole
205
pneumocystis pneumonia
caused by pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic pathogen
one of the major pathogens in patients with AIDS
treatment: trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole
206
Phycology or algology
the study of algae
207
planktonic algae produce about __% of the worlds oxygen
80%
208
dinoflagellata
cell walls composed of cellulose and silica plates
most contain 2 flagella
many cause "red tides" in the ocean
some are biolumanescent
209
alexandrium spp.
Produce neurotoxins which cases paralytic shellfish poisoning and "red tides"
210
peridinium spp.
also causes "red tide" and PSP
211
Bacillariophyta: diatoms
store energy captured through photosynthesis as oil instead of CHO's
used to make oil, chalk, makeup, etc.
can cause domoic acid poisoning if it infects something we eat
