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Lecture Exam 1 practice Flashcards

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1
Q

Vitamin K is essential for what blood function?

A

Coagulation

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2
Q

Put the following events of stopping blood in order:

Platelet aggregation
Platelet adhesion
Clot formation
Vasoconstriction

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet adhesion
  3. Platelet aggregation
  4. Coagulation
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3
Q

List the 3 types of granulocytes and their functions

A
  1. Neutrophils - most numerous and phagocytosis
  2. Basophils- intensify allergic reactions and inflammation.
    Releases histamine and heparin
  3. Eosinophils- phagocyte, attacks parasites and worms. Releases anti inflammatory chemicals
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4
Q

List the 2 types of agranulocytes and the function of each.

A
  1. Monocytes -
    - -become macrophages
    - -kidney shaped nucleus
  2. Lymphocytes -
    - -produce antibodies and provide immunity.
    - -Attacks bacteria
    - -develops into plasma cells which release antibodies
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5
Q

What ion within hemoglobin binds with oxygen?

A

Fe++

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6
Q

What is a normal RBC count for males and females?

A

Male 4.7 - 6.1
Female 4.2 - 5.4

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7
Q

How long do most RBC live?

A

approx 90-120 days

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8
Q

Define platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation

A

adhesion - initial sticking of platelets to wound site

aggregation - sticking pf platelets to already present platelets

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9
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. transport of nutrients
  2. waste transport
  3. pH regulation and body temp.
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10
Q

Name the components of blood

A

Plasma cells and formed elements
Buffy coat

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11
Q

what percent of whole blood is formed elements?

A

30-40%

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12
Q

what percent is plasma of whole blood and what does it contain mostly?

A

50-60%
mostly water

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13
Q

functions of albumin?

A

albumin is a carrier protein, a buffer, maintains osmotic pressure

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14
Q 
function of globlins? 
what are immunoglobins?
A

globlins are transport proteins.
immunoglobins are antibodies -> they seek out antigens

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15
Q

What is TBG

A

hormone binding protein - type of globulin

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16
Q

what are apolipoproteins? Metalloproteins?

A

apolipoprotein - lipoproteins; LDL/HDL

metalloprotein- trans(fe)rrin

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17
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A

clotting protein

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18
Q

Which organ synthesizes plasma proteins?

A

liver

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19
Q

what is serum?

A

plasma without clotting factors

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20
Q

hematocrit: what is it?

A

RBC count measurment

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21
Q

what are normal Hct levels for males & females?

A

male: 44-50%
female: 36-42%

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22
Q

what effect does Hct have on blood viscosity?

A

will change the thickness of blood. higher counts = think blood
lower counts = thin blood

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23
Q

how does EPO affect Hct?

A

EPO will be released during hypoxia and increases Hct

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24
Q

what 3 problems would decrease Hct?

A
  1. bleeding
  2. RBC production problem
  3. RBC premature lysing problem
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25
What is blood pH and temperture? Color?
pH 7.35 - 7.45 temp 100.4 F or 38 C red or purpleish red
26
how much blood is in a typical human?
5L
27
what is meant by hypovolemic, normovolemic and hypervolemic
``` hypovolemic = less than 5L blood hypervolemic = greater than 5L blood normovolemic = 5L or 7% of body weight ```
28
what is a plasma expander? Why would it be used?
water/fluids that increase plasma levels to help maintain or increase BP
29
What is the relationship between plasma volume, blood volume, and BP?
incrased plasma = increased blood volume = increased BP
30
Erythrocytes: anucleate, functions, what type of metabolism does an RBC use?
``` function - transport O2 metabolism - anaerobic; needs glucose from glycolysis ```
31
What are the dietary requirements for RBC production?
carbs/fats folic acid B12 & intrinsic factor
32
where is EPO produced/released from?
kidneys
33
what is HbO2 and HHb? HbCO2?
Hb02 = oxyhemoglobin; O2 rich hemoglobin with 4 O2 molecules HHB = deoxyhemoglobin; 02 poor; less than 4 O2 molecules HbCO2 = carbaminohemoglobin; carries CO2; binds to protein not heme
34
what is the normal Hb range for males and females?
12-18g/dl
35
what is a reticulocyte? why would it be measured?
immature RBCs. Measured to show bone marrow production.
36
destruction of erythrocytes how and where is this done?
old RBC can be phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The RBC is splt back into heme and globin. heme -\> stripped of fe and recycled in bone marrow. The rest will be converted to biliverdin and then biliruben. Goes to liver and excreted in bile -\> sm intestine -\>lg intestine
37
blood type: universal donor and universal receiver?
Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is called the "universal donor" type Type AB-positive blood is called the "universal recipient" type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type.
38
what is the Rh blood type?
The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell.
39
What 2 situations can cause hemolytic disease in a newborn?
if Rh- mom is pregnant with Rh+baby (inherited from dad) or if O+ mom and is pregnant with A+ (orB+) baby - mom's antibodies will bind to the baby's antigens causing HDN due to ABO incompatibility.
40
What are the types of Leukocytes (WBCs)?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes
41
what is different about leukocytes than erythrocytes? What is chemotaxis?
1. ) circulates for short time periods 2. ) mostly found in CT and Lymph tissue 3. ) No hemoglobin 4. ) HAVE NUCLEI and organelles 5. )capable of amoeboid movement called "diapedeis" chemotaxis is the 'scent trail' used my leukocytes to find damaged or infected tissue
42
which luekocytes are phagocytic?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
43
Identify the Leukocyte Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
44
Identify the Leukocyte Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
45
Identify the Leukocyte Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
46
Identify the Leukocyte Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
agranulocyte
47
Identify the Leukocyte Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
agranulocyte
48
what is the most numerous leukocyte? percent of circulating WBCs? describe the characteristics/what they do
Neutrophils are the most numerous 50-70% of circulating WBCs 1st responders Bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) kills bacteria forms pus engulfs pathogens - respiratory burst
49
what does eosinophils attack? what do they release?
anything coated with antibodies attacks large parasites releases NO (nitric oxide) and cytotoxic enzymes
50
what is the rarest leukocyte? why is it important? what does it release?
basophils \<1% of circulating WBCs important for inflammatory response releases **histamine** -\> dilates blood vessels Releases **heparin** -\> prevents blood clotting
51
which leukocyte is capable of diapedesis? what is specific about this WBC? what percent is circulating?
Lymphocytes can migrate in and out of blood stream, diapedesis 2nd most numerous - 20-30% part of the specific defense system to respond to antigens
52
what are the three classes of lympocytes? What do they do?
T cells - attack foreign bodies directly "hand to hand combat" B cells - humoral immunity, differentiate into plasma cells, synthesizes antibodies NK cells - detect and destroys cancerous, abnormal tissue cells
53
Granulocytes – what are the granules?
proteins
54
Neutrophils-also known as?
Or polymorphonuclear leukocytes - **PMNs**
55
An increased eosinophil count can indicate 2 things, what are they?
often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.
56
which cells are stimulated/increased from M-CSF?, GM-CSF?, or G-CSF?
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) - increases monocytes Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- increases PMNs, eosinophils, and basophils G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) - increases neutrophil count
57
Monocytes- what do they do?
58
Platelets (megakaryocytes) or thrombocytes, what is TPO?
Thyroid Peroxidase - stimulates platelet formation
59
platelets: how long do they live? where are they stored? what do they do?
lives 9-12 days releases chemicals for clotting, forms platelet plug, clot retention stored in spleen
60
what is a megakaryocyte? what does it do/why is it important in relation to blood?
Megakaryocytes splits into fragments involved in human clotting system.
61
what is the normal platelet count?
150,000 - 400,000 per mm3 of blood
62
what is thrombocytopenia? what is a concern with it? what is thrombocytopoiesis?
Thrombocytopenia - Abnormally low platelet count symptomatic of blood loss Thrombocytosis: Abnormally high platelet count
63
HEMOSTASIS what happens during the vascular phase? why is it beneficial?
immediate response vascular spasm -\> slows blood loss (will not stop it ) "vasoconstriction" endothelial cells are triggered to release chemicals/hormones which makes membranes sticky
64
hemostasis what happens during the platelet phase? what is the purpose of the platelet plug? what hormones are released during this phase?
platelets become sticky - adhesion and aggregation form the platelet plug that sticks to the lining of the blood vessel. provides _positive feedback_ on activation and attraction of platelets to the damaged area \*\**Ca++ is needed for this!* Hormones released are: 1. VWF - starts platelets to become sticky 2. ADP - stimulates platelet aggregation 3. Thromboxane (A2) - enhances vascular spasm 4. Serotonin - stimulates vascular spam 5. Ca++ - needed for platelet aggregation and clotting
65
what factor is stimulated to begin the extrinsic pathway? where does this happen?
subendothelium release of TF (tissue factor)
66
hemostasis Coagulation (blood clotting) phase: what are procoagulants? what are some examples? what happens when blood clots?
procoagulants are clotting factors, proteins/ ions in the plasma procoagulants enhance clot formation ex: thromnin and factor Xa
67
what factor is stimulated to begin the intrinsic pathway? where does this happen?
starts in bloodstream stimulated when factor XII comes in contact with exposed collegen fibers. (activates and becomes XII**_a_**)
68
both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways form what enzyme?
thrombin
69
what are the 3 steps for the common pathway (forming the fibrin mesh)
1. begins once factor X is activated into factor Xa to form a prothrombin activator 2. prothrombin activator converts proenzyme prothrombin into enzyme thrombin 3. thrombin catalyzes the joining of protein fibrinogen molecules present in the plasma into a fibrin mesh
70
what is an anticoagulant? What are some examples?
inhibit clot formation ex: heparin, prostacyclin, protein C, antithrombin III
71
how long does it usually take for a blood clot to form? which electrolyte is critical for clotting?
about 3-6 min needs Ca++ and K+
72
what is clot retraction? how does it help the healing process?
retraction is when the ruptured edges are drawn together and squeezed out the serum beneficial because it allows for easier repair by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells.
73
what is fibrinolysis? what protein helps with this?
clot digestion tPA activates plasminogen into plasmin ("clot buster" proteolytic enzyme)
74
what are the common types of erythrocyte anemia? causes and significance?
1. hemorrhagic anemia - internal/external bleeding 2. hemolytic anemia - RBC prematurely lysed by infections, immune system, or drugs 3. Aplastic anemia - the destruction of bone marrow, not making RBCs. caused by drugs (anti-cancer), hereditary, or radiation. 4. pernicious anemia - lack of B12 - body needs intrinsic factor to absorb B12, common in stomach bypass patients.
75
polycythemia : what is it? how might it happen? why is it of concern?
* blood doping - increases RBC count * increased Hct blood can be too viscous to flow into capillaries
76
types & causes- what is leukemia?
Leukemia is bone marrow cancer that results in too many WBCs - overcrowds RBCs and platelets (low counts) - can migrate into lymph nodes and organs types of leukemia: 1. acute - in children and more severe 2. or chronic - in adults and less severe
77
Platelet disorders what meds are used for these disorders? what factors increase risk of thrombosis?
meds used: anticoagulants: - heparin - works with anticlotting proteins - coumadin (warfarin) - antagonist, requires blood test for correct dosage, vit K can offset if too much is given - aspirin - thins blood Brand names: prodaxa, xarelto, eliquis Causes for increased risk: - genetics - protein deficiency - immobilization - slow moving/stagnant blood
78
what is a thrombus? What is an embolism?
thrombus - stationary blood clot embolism - traveling blood clot
79
What is hemophilia? how is it inherited?
decreased ability to form blood clots x-linked genetic disorder, common in men
80
what are two methods of making artificial blood?
genetically engineered or platelet-rich plasma therapy
81
What is platelet-rich plasma therapy? Why is it used?
blood is drawn from patient and put into a centrifuge the platelet rich plasma is then extracted from vile \*\*uses blood from people who've recovered from an illness to help others recover
82
two fetal shunts in the heart, names & purpose
foramen ovale, which moves blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium, and the ductus arteriosus, which moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
83
Chamber Walls consist of 3 layers know these & their functions
Epicardium: the outer protective layer of the heart. Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart.
84
what do the LCA and RCA supply blood to
RCA - mainly r atrium LCA - splits into cirumflex artery and left anterior descending artery
85
what are the three cardiac veins, what blood is delivered where?
posterior, middle and small cardiac vein returns O2 poor blood from myocardium into coronary sinus
86
what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells? what is their anatomy?
_autorhythmic_: conducting system, excitable on their own SA and AV nodes internodal pathways AV bundle (bundle of his) bundle branches and purkinje fibers _contractile cells:_ contracts to propel blood striated short, fat, branched each fiber contains 1 or 2 nuclei many large mitochrondria intercalated discs
87
what is the RMP of cardiac contractile cells? and threshold?
RMP - approx -90 milivolts threshold approx +30 millivolts
88
What is the plateau phase in contractile cells and why is it important?
Plateau phase: allows heart to relax and ventricles to refill with blood before cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract again. allows increases the strength of the heart's contraction. more calcium ions to enter cell.
89
how pacemaker cells depolarize
depolarization of pacemaker cells is the result of calcium ions entering the cell
90
what is an anastomoses
Anastomoses occur normally in the body in the circulatory system, serving as backup routes for blood flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised.
91
label/interpret the ekg
92
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AP 2 (3 decks)

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