Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards by Alyicia Ewing

Q

conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence when making decisions about the care of patients

A

EBP

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Q

the following 3 areas are commonly used to develop what?

relevant published evidence
clinical expertise
patient’s circumstances & values

A

EBP

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Q

name the 6 most common levels of evidence (from most to least effective) used in PT research studies?

A

Meta Analysis
Randomized Control Trial (RCT)
Cohort Study
Case Control Study
Cross Sectional Study
Case Reports

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

systemic review
uses a statistical technique to get an estimate of the amount of effect
combines the results of several RCT to determine the overall effectiveness of a treatment

A

Meta Analysis

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

used to assess the relative effect of specific interventions compared to a controlled condition
subjects are randomized into groups (control & experimental group)
groups are identical except for the treatment being provided
double blind random application

A

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

longitudinal study where subjects are followed overtime
can be performed by looking at historical records
takes a very long time to conduct
not very controlled; many variables could be present that can influence the outcomes

A

Cohort Study

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

2 groups of subjects
- one group has the condition/disease
- one group does not have the condition/disease
provides better information about the effects of an intervention than a case report

A

Case Control Study

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

observations/data made at one point in time
all subjects are tested around the same time
looks at relationships between diseases/conditions & a factor/interest that happens at a certain time
limited studies because they can’t show casual relationships

A

Cross Sectional Study

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Q

which level of evidence is being described?

provide information about what was done to a particular patient & what happened to them
no clear indications of what caused observed changes
considered the least strong evidence for the effectiveness of an intervention for a particular problem

A

Case reports

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Q

what term is being described?

neither the subjects or clinician should know if an active or placebo treatment is being used to most accurately determine the effects of an intervention

A

Double Blind Random Application

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Q

what term is being described?

selections depends on:
- what’s being studied
- type of desired outcome
- subject availability

A

subjects

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Q

what term is being described?

needed to be able to differentiate:
effects of chance
normal progression
nonspecific effects from specific effects of the intervention being evaluated
double blind RCT is gold standard for research design

A

controls

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Q

what term is being described?

interventions without known or expected biological effects

A

placebo

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Q

what term is being described?

reproducibility of data
gives the same result when applied in the same situation

A

reliability

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Q

what term is being described?

consistent agreement of measurements taken by different examiners

A

interrater reliability

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Q

what term is being described?

consistent repeated measurement made by the same person over time

A

intrarater reliability

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Q

what term is being described?

how often the instrument measures what it’s intended to measure

A

validity

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Q

what term is being described?

integrity of the study design

A

internal validity

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Q

what term is being described?

how the results can be applied to non-study patients or populations

A

external validity

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Q

what term is being described?

should be clinically relevant & relate directly to goal(s) of treatment

A

outcome measures

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Q

what term is being described?

probability of any difference being purely a result of chance
smaller the value, the less likely the null hypothesis is true & more likely that the intervention had an effect

A

p value

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Q

findings with a p value of less than 0.05 are considered what?

A

statistically significant

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Q

which component of the gait cycle is being described?

stance foot touches the ground

A

heel strike/
initial contact

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Q

which component of the gait cycle is being described?

period of initial double limb support
knee flexes to help conserve energy & absorb shock
- BEGINS: when entire foot makes contact with the ground
- ENDS: when opposite foot leaves ground

A

foot flat/
loading response

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which component of the gait cycle is being described? - single leg support begins - body is passing over WB limb - pelvis in neutral position & arms parallel with body - COG at highest point - BEGINS: when opposite foot leaves ground - ENDS: when body is directly over WB limb

midstance

which component of the gait cycle is being described? - body moves ahead of WB limb - single leg support ends - BEGINS: as heel of WB limb rises - ENDS: initial contact of opposite limb

heel-off/ terminal stance

which component of the gait cycle is being described? - leg advancement ends - double leg support begins & ends

toe-off/ pre-swing

which component of the gait cycle is being described? - swing phase begins - single leg support begins on contralateral side - ipsilateral arms swings backwards - BEGINS: when toe leaves the ground - ENDS: when the swing limb is opposite to the WB limb & the knee is in maximum flexion

initial swing/ acceleration

which component of the gait cycle is being described? - leg shortens to clear ground - single leg support on contralateral side continues - pelvis is neutral & arms are parallel with body & moving in opposite directions - BEGINS: when the swing limb is opposite the WB limb - ENDS: when the swing limb has moved in front of the body & the tibia is in a vertical position

midswing

which component of the gait cycle is being described? - leg advancement ends - single leg support ends - ipsilateral arm back & contralateral arm forward - BEGINS: when the tibia is in a vertical position - ENDS: just before initial contact

terminal swing/ deceleration

which phase of gait makes up 60% of the cycle?

stance phase

which phase of gait makes up 40% of the cycle?

swing phase

0-30 degrees is the necessary ROM requirement for which LE movement involved in a typical gait pattern?

hip flexion

0-10 degrees is the necessary ROM requirement for which LE movement(s) involved in a typical gait pattern?

hip extension dorsiflexion

0-60 degrees is the necessary ROM requirement for which LE movement involved in a typical gait pattern?

knee flexion

0 degrees is the necessary ROM requirement for which LE movement involved in a typical gait pattern?

knee extension

0-20 degrees is the necessary ROM requirement for which LE movement involved in a typical gait pattern?

plantar flexion

what are the 3 functions of the foot & ankle during gait?

shock absorption terrain comforting propulsion

what term is being described? the number of steps per unit of time (steps/min)

cadence

what is the average cadence of male: female: total average:

male: 111 steps/min female: 117 steps/min total average: 90-120 steps/min

what term is being described? distance between point of **initial contact** of one extremity & the next point of **initial contact** of the *same* extremity

stride length

what term is being described? distance between point of **initial contact** of one extremity & the point of contact of the *opposite* extremity

step length

1 step length is equal to how many stride lengths?

1/2 a stride length

what term is being described? fundamental unit of walking

gait cycle

what term is being described? takes place during loading response & preswing

double limb support

what term is being described? occurs as the body weight shifts completely onto the stance leg so the opposite leg can swing forward (midstance & terminal stance)

single limb support

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? initial swing

iliopsoas

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? - initial contact (E) - initial swing (c) - midswing (c) - terminal swing (c)

ankle DFs

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? - initial contact (c) - loading response (E)

quadriceps femoris

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? - initial contact (c) - loading response (c) - midstance (c)

gluteus maximus & medius

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? - loading response (c) - midstance (E) - terminal stance (c) - preswing (c)

ankle PFs

during the gait cycle, which muscle's role is being described? - terminal swing (E)

hamstrings

what gait deviation is being described? - body weight is shifted to involved side during stance phase, hip abductors can’t support the pelvis, and the pelvis drops/tilts toward the swing limb - excessive lateral trunk flexion - weight shifting over stance leg - glute med weakness

trendelenberg

what gait deviation is being described? - limb is swung in a circular motion to advance - weak hip flexors - decreased knee flexion - inability to dorsiflex - leg length difference

circumduction

what gait deviation is being described? - DF not strong enough to hold against gravity - causes foot to drop into PF in swing

foot drop

what gait deviation is being described? - DF unable to eccentrically & slowly lower foot down into PF at initial contact

foot slap

what gait deviation is being described?

toe drag

what gait deviation is being described? - toes strike first at initial contact

equinnus gait

what gait deviation is being described? - to advance, the swing leg compensates through a combination of pelvis elevation & PF of stance leg - rise on toes of uninvolved extremity - decreased hip flexion, knee flexion, or DF of involved extremity

vaulting

what gait deviation is being described? shorter stance time because of pain in stance limb

antalgic

what gait deviation is being described? - legs cross midline upon advancement (swing) - narrow base trunk may lean over stance leg

scissoring

what gait deviation is being described? - knee raised higher than normal during swing - toes land first

steppage

what gait deviation is being described? - ipsilateral pelvis elevation in swing phase - decreased knee flexion or DF

hip hiking

what gait deviation is being described? - B LE involvement - excessive hip & knee flexion - excessive hip adduction, MR & PF

crouch knee

what gait deviation is being described?

stiff knee

what gait deviation is being described? has 3 types of length discrepancy: minimal, moderate (3-5 inches), and severe

unequal leg length

what gait deviation is being described? (closed chain) glute max & gastroc/soleus pull knee into extension at heel strike

quad weakness