Lecture Exam 2

Question 2

Will be on test*
Other than respiration, what are some potential uses of glucose in a bacterial cell?

Answer 2

Used as energy covert into nucleic acid, amino acid, lipid

Question 3

What is aerobic growth?

Answer 3

Oxygen required for growth

Question 4

What is anaerobic growth?

Answer 4

No oxygen required for growth

Question 5

What is an operon?

Answer 5

A set of genes under control of one promoter and an operator

Question 6

What is a biofilm?

Answer 6

Complex community of one or more microorganism species as a slimy coating attached to a surface

Question 7

How is biofilm protectivefor bacteria?

Answer 7

A slimy matrix of biofilm gives protection against harmful conditions

Question 8

Will be on test
Explain the heterogeneous population of bacteria that make up a biofilm

Answer 8

remember that the outer edge of the biofilm is rich in oxygen/nutrients and low in wastes, while the middle is the reverse, high in wastes and low in nutrients and oxygen. Therefor the outer edge has fast growing cells, while the middle has slowly dividing cells and cells that don’t divide at all-persister cell. Fast growing outer cells are sensitive to antibiotics, while the inner cells are safe.

Question 9

What are eosinophils

Answer 9

Immune cells that fight, parasites and viruses

Question 10

What are basophils ?

Answer 10

Immune cells that fight eukaryotic parasites (least common)

Question 11

What are neutrophils?

Answer 11

Granulocytes that are motile and Hunt bacteria

Question 12

What are macrophages?

Answer 12

Tissue specific phagocytic cells

Question 13

What are monocytes?

Answer 13

Circulating phagocytic cells

Question 14

Will be on test
What are the key differences in similarities between monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils?

Answer 14

All apc, innate, and phagocytic
Monocytes - circulating
Macrophages -tissue specific
Neutrophils - motile and hunt bacteria, most common granulocyte

Question 15

What are dendritic cells

Answer 15

Tissue specific highly branched phagocytic cells

Question 16

What are dendritic cells

Answer 16

Tissue specific highly branched phagocytic cells

Question 17

What does APC stand for

Answer 17

Antigen presenting cells

Question 18

Will be in test
Compare and contrast MCHI and MCHII

Answer 18

MCHI- on all nucleated cells
Identifies and eliminates infected cells

MCHII- only on APCs
Initiates immune response

Question 19

Where do natural passive immunity originate from

Answer 19

Antibodies from breast milk or placenta

Question 20

Where do natural active immunity originate from

Answer 20

Microbes from infections

Question 21

Where does artificial passive immunity originate from?

Answer 21

Vaccines

Question 22

What is innate immunity? Why is it said to be nonspecific?

Answer 22

Built-in mechanism that provides first line defense and prevents infection

Nonspecific because they don’t protect against specific pathogens, but defend against a wide range of them

Question 23

What does MALT STAND FOR?

Answer 23

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Question 24

Where would MALT tissue be found?

Answer 24

Mucosal lining of body ( tonsils, or G.I. tract)

Question 25

What is one outcome of the compliment cascade

Answer 25

Lysis of bacterial cell membrane

Question 26

What is one method of activating a complement cascade?

Answer 26

Classical- activation by antibodies

Question 27

What are cytokines?

Answer 27

Immune signaling molecules that control most immune responses, especially adaptive

Question 28

What is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 28

Look for and filter, harmful substances, and destroy bacteria, activating adaptive immune system

Question 29

Will be on test Explain the difference between autocrine, Paracrine, and endocrine functions of cytokines

Answer 29

Autocrine: stimulate cells that made cytokinin Paracrine: stimulates nearby cells Endocrine: stimulate cells far away by transport through lymph/circulatory

Question 30

Will be on test What are T helper cells? What are their main function?

Answer 30

To regulate immune system response- activate other immune cells Trigger proliferation and differentiation Massive cytokinin signals

Question 31

What are cytotoxic T cells ? What is their main function?

Answer 31

Immune cells that directly kill, infected cells by releasing toxic, substance or triggering apoptosis

Question 32

What are T reg cells? What is the main function?

Answer 32

T helper cells that down regulate the immune response

Question 33

What are B memory cells and what is their main function?

Answer 33

WBCs that remember antigens

Question 34

What are B plasma cells? What are their main function?

Answer 34

WBCs that make antibodies

Question 35

What is the main function of igD

Answer 35

Act as B cell receptors

Question 36

What is a key fact about igG

Answer 36

Only one that crosses placenta

Question 37

What does igE often triggered by accident?

Answer 37

allergies

Question 38

Why is igM made first?

Answer 38

As assembles into pentamer, which allows you to bind up as much of the antigen as possible, quickly

Question 39

What is a key function of secretory IgA

Answer 39

Helps prevent pathogens from adhering and entering mucosal cells

Question 40

What is affinity maturation? Why is this important in immune response?

Answer 40

Somatic hyper mutation Important : let’s be cells improve their antigen binding

Question 41

What is class switching in B plasma cells?

Answer 41

B cells ability to switch between one antibody to another as needed to carry out specific antibody functions

Question 42

What is opsonization?

Answer 42

Coating of pathogens with opsonin that allows phagocytic cells to recognize,engulf, and destroy easily

Question 43

How do antibodies, neutralize viruses or toxins?

Answer 43

Antibodies bind to receptors of virus/toxins to prevent their attachment to cells

Question 46

What does PMF stand for?

Answer 46

Proton motor force

Question 47

Where is the PMF generated in bacteria?

Answer 47

Across the cytoplasmic membrane by the electron transport chain

Question 48

What is the PMF used for by bacteria?

Answer 48

ATP synthesis, flagella rotation (motility), and active transport of molecules

Question 49

What is binary fission?

Answer 49

Asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

Question 50

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 50

Can grow with or without oxygen