Micro Lecture Final

Question 1

What is cytokine storm

Answer 1

Over activation of immune signaling
- Can trigger tissue + organ damage

Question 2

What is immune amnesia? What triggers it?

Answer 2

Loss of memory B cells, causing slow response to other infections

Trigger: measles - killing of memory B cells

Question 3

What is the causative agent for AIDS?

Answer 3

HIV - retrovirus that affects and destroys CD4 and T cells

Question 4

What is reverse transcriptase?

Answer 4

RNA to DNA

Question 5

What does reverse transcriptions do?

Answer 5

Converts RNA to DNA

Question 6

When is measles infectious in a patient?

Answer 6

Four days before rash and four days after

Question 7



Question 8

What are pathogenicity islands?

Answer 8

Spot on chromosome or on plasmids containing genes for virulence

Question 9

What are nosocomial infections?

Answer 9

Hospital acquired infections

Question 10

What is a Frank pathogen

Answer 10

Only causes disease

Question 11

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 11

Can live on/N us without causing disease

Question 12

What is congenital syphilis?

Answer 12

Passed from infected mother to baby at birth

Question 13

Describe the causative agent for shigellosis

Answer 13

Shegella species
Gram (-), rods

Question 14

Describe the causative agent for syphilis

Answer 14

Treponema pallidum

Gram (-) like (but not true gram (-))
Spiral shaped

Question 15

Describe the causative agent for gonorrhea

Answer 15

Neisseria gonorrhea

Diplococci , Gram (-)

Question 16

Describe the causative agent for salmonellosis

Answer 16

Salmonella enterica
Rod shaped, gram (-)

Question 17

Describe the causative agent for tuberculosis

Answer 17

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast (+)
Thin rods

Question 18

Describe the causative agent for typhoid fever

Answer 18

Salmonella enterica typhi
Gram (-), rod shaped

Question 19

Describe the causative agent for anthrax

Answer 19

Bacillus anthracis

Gram (+) endospore (+)
Rod shaped

Question 20

Describe the causative agent for whooping cough

Answer 20

Bordetella pertusis
Gram (-) rod shaped

Question 21

Describe the causative agent for cholera

Answer 21

Vibrio cholera
Gram (-) curved rods

Question 22

How does Ebola escape the immune system?

Answer 22

Suppresses cytokines,MHC, stops T cell response

Question 23

Why is bleeding a key symptom of Ebola?

Answer 23

Because of the severe inflammation and tissue damage, it causes disruption of bodies clotting ability

Question 24

What is the difference between probiotic and prebiotic?

Answer 24

Probiotic: helpful gut bacteria
Prebiotic: food for helpful bacteria

Question 25

Why might it take a while to develop a beneficial population of gut flora?

Answer 25

It takes time to colonize your gut. Temp sensitive, PH sensitive, needs space

Question 26

What is the mode of action for anthrax’s exotoxin?

Answer 26

AB exotoxin B- binds nearby cells A- lethal factor: destroys cell signals A- edema factor: by killing MAPKKS

Question 27

What is the mode of action for C. Difficile’s AB exotoxin

Answer 27

AB exotoxins B- binds to intestinal cells A- disrupts GTPase signals, disrupts actin

Question 28

What is the mode for action for cholera toxin?

Answer 28

AB exotoxin B- binds intestinal epithelial cells A- activity triggers release of electrolytes into intestinal track - pulls water- triggers diarrhea

Question 29

How is reassortment different from genetic mutations in influenza?

Answer 29

Viral genome segments are mixed between different strains of virus Genetic mutations are small changes overtime

Question 30

Explain how latency works in the chickenpox/shingles virus

Answer 30

Chickenpox progresses into shingles due to latency- chickenpox virus migrates up a neuron and sits, which keeps that neuron alive eventually reactivates, causing shingles

Question 31

Explain the two stages where HIV usually incorporates mutations into its genome

Answer 31

When HIV enters Cell reverse transcriptions During production of new virus transcription

Question 32

Why is attachment a key virulence factor

Answer 32

Do they don’t get flushed out

Question 33

What is immune exclusion

Answer 33

Lining + GALT - SIgA keeps bacteria in upper layer of mucus

Question 34

What is the mode of action for anthrax’s exotoxin

Answer 34

AB exotoxin B- binds nearby cells A- lethal factor - destroys cell signals A- exam factor - by killing MAPKKS

Question 35

What are two key facts about the biofilms made by pseudomonas auroginosa

Answer 35

They are multi drug resistant Secretes blue/green pigment

Question 36

Why are post/ streptococcal disease a concern?

Answer 36

Can turn into rheumatic fever or cause kidney damage

Question 37

What is the caustatuve agent for scarlet fever

Answer 37

Streptococcus pyogenes Gram (+) sphere

Question 38

What is the difference between sepsis and septic shock

Answer 38

Sepsis us the first stage of septic shock and usually less severe Septic shock is the last stage of sepsis

Question 39

Compare and contrast, endotoxins and exotoxins

Answer 39

Endotoxins: lipid a part of LPS, gram-negative bacteria, causes indirect effect, not sensitive to heat Exotoxins: proteins, gram (+) (-)/other, causes direct effect, sensitive to heat

Question 40

Compare and contrast, tetanus and botulism

Answer 40

Tetanus: clostridium tetani, causes tetanus aka lockjaw, gram (+), endospore (+), clubbed rod. Botulism : clostridium botulinum, causes botulism aka floppy baby syndrome, gram (+), endospore (+), clubbed rod