Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
(493 cards)
1
Q
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and the three toed sloth
2
Q
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
ant bear, three-toed sloth
3
Q
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
two-toed sloth, manatee
4
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
A
seven segments
5
Q
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
A
C3-C6
6
Q
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
A
C1, C2, C7
7
Q
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
A
rectangular
8
Q
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
A
it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
9
Q
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
A
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
10
Q
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
A
posterior or kyphotic
11
Q
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
the intervertebral disc height
12
Q
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
anterior or lordotic
13
Q
Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height?
A
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
14
Q
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral height?
A
C5/C6
15
Q
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
A
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
16
Q
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
17
Q
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior anterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
18
Q
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
19
Q
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
A
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
20
Q
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
A
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
21
Q
How many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
A
five
22
Q
What joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
A
anterior lip, right lateral groove, left lateral groove, posterior lip and inferior spongy bone surface
23
Q
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
A
five
24
Q
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
A
ten
25
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
26
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces?
the uncinate process and lateral groove
27
How many total synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
four
28
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion - extension - and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
29
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle
30
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees
31
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
32
What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
posteromedially
33
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
34
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
35
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
36
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
37
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
38
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
heart-shaped or triangular
39
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
Transverse
40
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ______?
C6
41
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
42
What osseous parts form the typical cervical vertebra transverse process?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
43
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
44
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertranscersarii
45
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
46
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical brachial plexuses
47
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
48
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
49
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tuberlce
50
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
51
What is the name given to the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
52
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
53
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55 to 60 degress
54
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
55
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
56
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, and rotators
57
What muscles will bend the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidus, and rotator longus
58
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
59
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
60
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
61
The greatest range of flexion - extension along the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
62
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
63
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4,C5, vertebral couples
64
Ranges of motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
65
What is the usual condition for the caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
they are bifid
66
What is the condition for the African - American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non - bifid
67
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators and interspinalis
68
What ligament will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
69
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
70
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
71
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
72
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
73
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
74
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
75
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
76
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
77
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
78
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
79
What ligament will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
80
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
81
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
82
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
83
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, and medial (BUM)
84
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
85
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
86
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
87
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
88
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
89
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
90
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
91
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
92
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
93
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
94
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
95
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
96
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
97
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
98
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
99
Ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
100
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1-4%
101
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
102
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as forty-one percent
103
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element posterior tubercle, true transverse process
104
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
105
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
106
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
107
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
108
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
109
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
110
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
111
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
112
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
113
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
114
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
115
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
116
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
117
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
118
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
119
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
120
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
121
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
122
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
123
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
124
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone
125
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five
126
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
127
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
128
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
129
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
130
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
131
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
132
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
133
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
134
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
135
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
136
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
137
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
138
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
Males: fifty-seven millimeters and Females: about fifty millimeters
139
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
140
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
141
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, rotators and interspinalis muscles
142
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
143
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
144
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
145
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
146
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
147
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
148
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
149
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
150
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
151
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic fibers
152
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
153
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
154
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
155
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidus
156
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators and interspinalis
157
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
158
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
159
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
160
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
161
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
162
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
163
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
164
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
165
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
166
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
167
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
168
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
169
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
170
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
171
What forms the boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
172
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1 = five, C2 = eight, C3-C6 = eight, C7 = six
173
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1 = none, C2 = ten, C3-6 = ten, C7 = eight
174
What features allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
175
What is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from a superior view?
trianglular
176
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
177
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
178
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
179
What is the principle cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
180
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
181
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
kyphotic
182
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis athrodia)
183
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
184
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
185
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (fourteen if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
186
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
187
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
188
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
189
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
the costocentral joint or ribs
190
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
191
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus colli
192
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
193
Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
194
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
195
What is the overlap of lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
196
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
197
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
198
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
199
What suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus Capitis posterior minor, Obliquus Capitis superior, Obliquus Capitis inferior
200
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus Capitis posterior major, Obliquus Capitis inferior
201
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
202
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
203
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
204
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
205
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 spinal nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
206
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL), C3-C7 is backward, upward, Medial (BUM)
207
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, Medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
208
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
209
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
The intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
210
What is the nerve - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the nerve is the same as the number of the upper thoracic in the vertebral couple
211
What is the rib - vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen?
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the rib is the same as the number of the lower thoracic in the vertebral couple
212
What is the rib - transverse process relationship for the typical thoracics?
the number of the rib is the same as the number of the vertebra whose transverse process is being studied; fifth rib with T5 transverse process
213
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
214
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
215
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
216
The superior costotransverse ligament of rib five will attach to which vertebral feature?
the transverse process of T4
217
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
218
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus Thoracis, longissimus Cervicis, longissimus Capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis Capitis, Multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
219
Of the muscles attaching to the to the transverse process of typical thoracics, which ones will attach only to the T5-T8 vertebral segments?
semispinalis thoracis and levator costarum longus
220
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
221
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
222
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
223
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
224
What is the curvature of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly convex
225
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they are slightly concave
226
What is the joint classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
227
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
228
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
229
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
230
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
231
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
232
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
233
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
234
What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
235
What muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius Capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis Capitis, semispinalis thoracis, Multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
236
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
splenius cervicis, splenius Capitis and interspinalis
237
What joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
238
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
239
What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?
uncinate process
240
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals
241
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four normally
242
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?
two
243
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the rib articulation is included)
244
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)
245
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four
246
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?
the right and left superior costal facet
| the right and left inferior costal demi-facet
247
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the eighth cervical nerve?
the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
248
What ligament supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
249
What ligaments support the costocentral joint of the second rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
250
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?
the longus colli
251
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
252
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
253
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?
the second rib costotransverse joint
254
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis
multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii,
levator costarum brevis
255
Which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1?
semispinalis thoracis
256
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
257
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
they face forward, downward and medial (ForMeD)
258
What is the classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
259
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
ten
260
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present at T1?
six
261
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6, C7, T1
262
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence
263
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
264
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
inferior costal demi-facets
265
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
266
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
267
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
268
Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?
spinalis and semispinalis
269
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
270
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
two
271
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
272
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
273
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
274
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
275
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus and rotator brevis
Intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
276
Which rib related facet is absent on T10?
the inferior costal demi-facet
277
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
278
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
279
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
280
What name is given to T11?
the anticlinal vertebra
281
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
two
282
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
two
283
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
284
What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T11?
the transverse tubercle
285
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
286
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
287
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
the twelfth rib costotransverse joint
288
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus and rotator brevis
Intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
289
Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?
levator costarum longus
290
Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
291
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
292
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
293
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
six
294
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
295
At which segments of the thoracic spine will the spinalis muscle not attach?
T9, T10
296
Which erector spinae muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?
iliocostalis lumborum
297
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
two
298
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
two
299
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
four are typically identified (as many as six if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
300
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
301
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
302
What is present at the transverse process region of T12?
three tubercles of variable size
303
Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
the lateral tubercle
304
Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?
the superior tubercle
305
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?
the inferior tubercle
306
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
307
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
none, the capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12
308
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii
309
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
310
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
311
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
312
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they face forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)
313
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they are significantly convex
314
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?
six
315
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T12
two superior costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
316
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
317
Which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?
iliocostalis lumborum
318
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
interspinalis
319
What joint classifications are present at T12?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joint
320
Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?
longus colli, psoas major, and psoas minor
321
Which erector spinae muscle will attach along the length of the thoracic spine?
longissimus
322
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate an attachment at the transverse process for the semispinalis muscle group?
T12
323
Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T1
324
Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T11
325
Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T7
326
Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T10
327
Rhomboid minor will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?
T1 only
328
Rhomboid major will attach to the spinous process of which thoracic(s)?
T2-T5
329
Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serratus posterior superior?
T1-T3
330
Which thoracic vertebrae will demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the serratus posterior inferior?
T11-T12
331
Which thoracics demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the splenius muscles?
T1-T6
332
Which thoracics demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the iliocostalis lumborum?
T11-T12
333
Which thoracics lack any spinalis muscle group attachment on their spinous process?
T9-T10
334
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate a spinous process attachment for the semispinalis?
T6
335
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
336
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
337
What is the direction of the normal lumbar curve?
anterior (lordotic)
338
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
decrease in height, increase in circumference
339
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the typical lumbar vertebral body?
none
340
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
six
341
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
342
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
two
343
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
four
344
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
345
What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and psoas minor
346
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
347
What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
348
What are the types of transforaminal ligaments?
superior transforaminal, middle transforaminal and inferior transforaminal ligaments
349
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
350
What corporotransverse ligaments are identified?
superior corporotransverse and inferior corporotransverse ligaments
351
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
anterior Hofmann ligaments, posterior Hofmann ligaments, lateral Hofmann ligaments and proximal root sleeve ligaments
352
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region
353
Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
354
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
355
What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
356
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
357
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
358
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?
resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen
359
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; Overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
360
What part of the central nervous system is present in the lumbar spine?
the conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1
361
What part of the peripheral nervous system is present in the lumbar spine?
the cauda equina is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4
362
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?
Each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3; L4 then begins to decrease in length
363
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
364
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
styloid process
365
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
366
What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?
the costotransverse bar
367
What ligament(s) will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
368
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment
369
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
370
What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
371
What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?
the lumbocostal ligament
372
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, Quadratus Lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
373
Which transversopsinalis muscle group attaches to the typical lumbar transverse process?
rotators
374
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
375
What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?
zygapophysis, lamina and spinous process
376
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
vertebral body and pedicle
377
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
378
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
379
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
mammillary process
380
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidus and intertransversarii
381
What ligament will attach to the lumbar superior articular process and transverse process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
382
What ligament will attach to the lumbar mammillary process and accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
383
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
384
What additional ligaments are said to attach to lumbar articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
385
How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
four
386
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
387
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4; the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
388
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
389
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "Kissing Spines"
390
What is Baastrup's syndrome?
elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
391
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
392
What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-ray view
393
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
none
394
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the L5 vertebral body?
four
395
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
six
396
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
two
397
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?
four
398
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
399
What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major
400
What is the orientation of the pedicle of the fifth lumbar?
posterior
401
What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate if from the L5 segment? be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group
on cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.
402
What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
403
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
404
What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
lumbosacral, iliolumbar, and mammillo-accessory ligaments
405
What is the reported angulation and X-ray appearance of the fifth lumbar articular facets?
they lie in the vertical plane and are coronal facets
406
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
407
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
408
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidus and intertransversarii
409
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4; the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5, and L5/S1
410
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
411
Define or describe joint tropism.
the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane
412
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
413
What is Baastrup's syndrome?
elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
414
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp syndrome
415
What is knife clasp syndrome?
the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain
416
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidus, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
417
How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebrae?
L1-L5 = four each
418
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5 = six each
419
What is the superior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = backward, upward, and medial (BUM)
420
What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
421
What muscle(S) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
422
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
five
423
What is the origin of the sacral ala?
on base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala
424
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
the anterior two-thirds
425
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
426
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
427
What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?
multifidus
428
Fusion of the vertebral bodies of sacrum across the intervertebral disc is called_____.
synostosis
429
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
430
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
431
What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis
432
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articualr processes and their facets
433
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5?
434
What does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articual process and facet of S5
435
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
436
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3-S5
437
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
438
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
439
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
multifidus, iliocostalis lumborum
440
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
iliacus
441
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
442
What is the sacral promontory?
the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
443
The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
444
The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
445
What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
446
What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
447
How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?
four
448
What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
449
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
450
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
451
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
452
What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
453
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
sacrospinous ligament
454
Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
sacrotuberous ligament
455
Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?
anterior sacro-iliac ligament
456
Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
457
Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
short posterior sacro-iliac ligament
458
Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
long posterior sacro-iliac ligament
459
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?
sacral cornu
460
What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?
coccygeal cornu
461
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
462
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
ten
463
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
464
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
465
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
all segments are represented by a "vertebral body"; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process
466
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
coccygeal cornu
467
What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?
from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
468
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees
469
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
470
How many coccygeal nerves are present in adults?
typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult
471
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
472
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ischiococcygeus and levator ani
473
What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
474
What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
475
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
476
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae are oriented back, up, medial, and concave?
C1, L1-L5, S1
477
Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?
C2, T1-T12
478
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?
C1
479
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
480
Inferior articular facets of which segments are oriented forward, lateral, downwaard and convex?
T12, L1-L5
481
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?
C7, T1-T11
482
Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?
C1
483
What directions will all superior articular facets face?
backward and upward
484
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as concave?
C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets
485
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as "convex"?
T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets
486
Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
487
Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?
C2, T1-T12
488
Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
489
Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?
C1, C7, T1-T11
490
What is the definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition
491
What is the definition spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
492
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
493
What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related
