Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

Complex carbohydrates undergo chemical digestion in the GI tract, but monosaccharides do not. T/F?

Answer 1

a) True

Question 2

The first nutrient to be chemically digested is:

a) Protein
b) Fat
c) Minerals
d) Carbohydrates

Answer 2

d) Carbohydrates

Question 3

Stretching of the GI tract by chyme will activate a gastrointestinal reflex pathway. T/F?

Answer 3

a) True

Question 4

Sympathetic nerve impulses:

a) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva.
b) stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food.
c) decreases salivation in times of stress.
d) promote continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva and stimulate production of saliva in response to the feel and taste of food are both correct.

Answer 4

c) decreases salivation in times of stress

Question 5

Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?

a) Because they stimulate the parasympathetic nerves supplying the GI tract
b) Because they stimulate the somatic nerves that supply the GI tract
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
d) Because all emotions are controlled by the Vagus nerve

Answer 5

c) because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract

Question 6

Deglutition describes

a) formation of a bolus before swallowing.
b) chewing of food.
c) the teeth and associated structures.
d) the act of swallowing.
e) enzymatic digestion of food in the mouth

Answer 6

d) the act of swallowing

Question 7

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in the stomach by

a) parietal cells.
b) chief cells.
c) G cells.
d) mucous neck cells.
e) surface mucous cells

Answer 7

a) parietal cells

Question 8

Pepsinogenis an active protease in the stomach. T/F?

Answer 8

b) False

Question 9

Pancreatic juice does all of the following EXCEPT

a) buffer gastric juice.
b) provide protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form.
c) provide starch-digesting enzymes.
d) provide glucagon.
e) stop the action of pepsin.

Answer 9

d) provide glucagon

Question 10

Bile breaks down fats into monoglyceridesand fatty acids. T/F?

Answer 10

b) False

Question 11

Peristalsis in the small intestine

a) is also known as segmentation.
b) is a series of migrating motility complexes.
c) mixes chyme with digestive enzymes.
d) A and B are correct.
e) A, B, and C are correct.

Answer 11

b) is a series of migrating motility complexes

Question 12

Absorbed nutrients reach the liver via the hepatic portal system. T/F?

Answer 12

a) True

Question 13

You absolutely love plain, unsweetened whipped cream and you have eaten a cup of it by itself. Which of the following enzymes would be most useful in digesting this snack?

a) pancreatic amylase
b) aminopeptidase
c) gastric lipase
d) pepsine) deoxyribonuclease

Answer 13

c) gastric lipase

Question 14

The gastrocolic reflex

a) initiates mass peristalsis.
b) intensifies peristalsis in the ileum.
c) forces chyme into the cecum.
d) is initiated by secretion of gastrin.
e) occurs segmentally in the haustra.

Answer 14

a) initiates mass peristalsis

Question 15

Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter can occur because the smooth muscles involved are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. T/F?

Answer 15

b)False

Question 16

The bacteria in the large intestine

a) ferment carbohydrates.
b) convert proteins to amino acids.
c) decompose bilirubin to stercobilin.
d) All of these choices are correct.

Answer 16

d) All of these choices are correct

Question 17

As you smell food, your mouth begins to water and your stomach rumbles. This signals the beginning of the gastric phase of digestion. T/F?

Answer 17

b) False

Question 18

Gastrin

1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.
2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.
3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH.
   a) 1 only
   b) 2 only
   c) 3 only
   d) 1 and 2 are correct
   e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

Answer 18

d) 1 and 2 are correct

Question 19

The enterogastricreflex

a) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the stomach
b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum.
c) results in decreased contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
d) increases gastric emptying.
e) is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.

Answer 19

b) is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum

Question 20

All of the following may occur in the digestive system as a result of aging EXCEPT

a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis.
b) decreased response to pain and internal sensations.
c) increased incidence of duodenal ulcers.
d) dysregulated neurosensory Learning Objective.
e) decreased sensitivity to mouth irritations and ulcers.

Answer 20

a) decreased incidence of appendicitis and acute pancreatitis

Question 21

Anabolism

a) refers to all chemical reactions of the body.
b) is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced.
c) breaks down complex organic molecules into less complex molecules.
d) All of these choices are correct.
e) None of these choices is correct.

Answer 21

b) is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced.

Question 22

When the terminal phosphate is cut off of ATP what is formed?

a) Adenosine diphosphate
b) GTP
c) Adenosine monophosphate
d) Metabolic water
e) Glucose

Answer 22

a) Adenosine diphosphate

Question 23

Reduction is

a) The removal of protons
b) The removal of electrons
c) The addition of protons
d) The addition of electrons
e) None of these choices

Answer 23

d) the addition of electrons

Question 24

An oxidation reaction

a) results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biologic systems.
b) adds electrons to a molecule.
c) increases the potential energy of a molecule.
d) allows conversion of ATP to ADP.
e) occurs in conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid

Answer 24

a) results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biologic systems.

Question 25

Which of the following is a derivative of riboflavin? a) NAD b) FAD c) Lactic acid d) Pyruvic acid e) ADP

Answer 25

a) FAD

Question 26

Energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules by catabolic reactions and is transferred from complex molecules to ATP by anabolic reactions. T/F?

Answer 26

b) False

Question 27

ATP is produced in greatest quantity during a) Glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) Electron transport chain d) Fat metabolism

Answer 27

c) Electron transport chain

Question 28

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in: a) Lipogenesis b) Gluconeogenesis c) Glucose catabolism oxidation/ cellular respiration d) Formation of Glycogen e) Formation of vitamin C

Answer 28

c) Glucose catabolism oxidation/cellular respiration

Question 29

Glycogenolysisis _____ and stimulated by _____. a) Anabolic, Insulin b) Catabolic, Epinephrine and glucagon c) Catabolic, Insulin d) Anabolic, Epinephrine

Answer 29

b) Catabolic, Epinephrine and Glucagon

Question 30

Insulin increases insertion of a glucose transporter in the cell membrane which allows an increased rate of facilitated diffusion. T/F?

Answer 30

a) True

Question 31

Glycolysis a) is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. b) is the conversion of two molecules of glucose into one molecule of pyruvic acid. c) concludes with formation of acetyl coenzyme A. d) generates a usable total of 4 ATP molecules. e) requires oxygen for efficient conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid

Answer 31

a) is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 32

Acetyl coenzyme A a) is formed through oxidation of pyruvic acid. b) occurs under aerobic conditions. d) links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. d) All of these choices are correct

Answer 32

d) All of these choices are correct

Question 33

If glucose is not immediately needed for ATP production _________ may occur. a) glycogenesis. b) glycogenolysis. c) glycolysis. d) glucolysis

Answer 33

a) glycogenesis

Question 34

If the body’s energy needs are met, excess glucose is converted by the liver to glycogen or fat (triglycerides).T/F?

Answer 34

?

Question 35

Proteins and fats may serve as substrates for glucose formation during glycogenesis.T/F?

Answer 35

b)False

Question 36

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis? a) Insulin b) Glucose c) Estrogen d) Lactic acid e) Protease

Answer 36

a) Insulin

Question 37

Lipogenesis is process that describes the synthesis of triglycerides. T/F?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Lipogenesis occurs when a) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need b) Less calories are consumed than required for ATP need c) More cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need d) Less cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need

Answer 38

A) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need

Question 39

The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting is a) Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies b) Increase in ATP production c) Inhibition of insulin d) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure e) Increase in lipolysis

Answer 39

e) increase in lipolysis

Question 40

Humans can generate ATP through 1. substrate-level phosphorylation. 2. oxidative phosphorylation. 3. photophosphorylation. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

Answer 40

d) 1 and 2 are correct

Question 41

Amino acids may a) be converted into other amino acids. b) be converted into glucose. c) be converted into fatty acids. d) All of these choices are possible fates of an amino acid. e) None of these choices is possible fates of an amino acid.

Answer 41

d) All of these choices are possible fates of an amino acid

Question 42

Which hormone(s) dominate(s) the absorptive state a) Insulin b) Glucagon c) HGH d) All of these e) None of these

Answer 42

a) Insulin

Question 43

The steps in glucose oxidation or cellular respiration are the following except: 1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A 3. The Krebs cycle 4. The electron transport chain 5. Gluconeogenesis

Answer 43

formation of acteyl coenzyme A

Question 44

Nonessential amino acids may be converted into essential amino acids through transamination. T/F?

Answer 44

b) False

Question 45

Shivering on a cold day to maintain body temperature is an example of energy homeostasis. T/F?

Answer 45

b) False

Question 46

For adequate absorption, all of the following require ingestion with other lipids EXCEPT a) vitamin A. b) vitamin C. c) vitamin D. d) vitamin E. e) vitamin K.

Answer 46

b) vitamin C

Question 47

Which of the following vitamins is correctly matched with its principal function? a) vitamin A: inhibits catabolism of some fatty acids b) vitamin E: essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract c) vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver d) vitamin C: coenzyme required for synthesis of red blood cells e) folic acid: works with antibodies and promotes wound healing

Answer 47

c) vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver

Question 48

A nephron includes a 1. renal corpuscle. 2. renal tubule. 3. renal capsule. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct. e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Answer 48

d) 1 and 2 are correct

Question 49

The glomerular filtrate contains a lower concentration of _____ than does blood plasma. a) albumin b) glucose c) water d) sodium e) urea

Answer 49

a) albumin

Question 50

Filtration through the glomerular capillaries is much greater than that seen in capillaries elsewhere in the body because the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus is smaller than the efferent arteriole. T/F?

Answer 50

b) False

Question 51

Which of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney? 1. angiotensin II 2. aldosterone 3. atrial natriuretic peptide a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

Answer 51

d) 1 and 2 are correct

Question 52

Urine moves from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder because of 1. peristalsis. 2. gravity. 3. hydrostatic pressure. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct. e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct

Answer 52

e) 1,2, and 3 are correct

Question 53

Micturition is the involuntary portion of urination. T/F?

Answer 53

b) False

Question 54

Which of the following statements accurately reflect aging of the kidneys? 1. The kidneys decrease in size. 2. Glomerular filtration rate decreases. 3. Renal blood flow decreases. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 are correct. e) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

Answer 54

e) 1,2, and 3 are correct

Question 55

Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys? a) urea b) glucose c) insulin d) cholesterol e) carbon dioxide

Answer 55

a) urea

Question 56

Which is the correct order of filtrate flow? a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct b) nephron loop, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct c) ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct d) collecting duct, DCT, PCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule

Answer 56

a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule(PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule(DCT), collecting duct

Question 57

``` Glomerular filtration (GFR) is regulated by the following assortment of local and systemic mechanisms 1-Renal autoregulation 2-Neural regulation 3-Hormonal regulation 4-All of the above ```

Answer 57

4) All of the above

Question 58

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood. a) glomerular capsule b) nephron loop c) ascending limb d) collecting duct e) renal tubule

Answer 58

a) glomerular capsule

Question 59

This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate. a) reabsorption b) filtration c) secretion d) excretion e) none of these choices

Answer 59

a) reabsorption

Question 60

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases. a) Parathyroid Hormone b) Renin c) ADH d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide e) Aldosterone * Know when Renin, ADH and aldosterone are released

Answer 60

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 61

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to a) decreased blood pressure b) increased blood pressure c) will not have any effect on blood pressure d) All of these choices are correct. e) None of these choices is correct

Answer 61

a) decreased blood pressure

Question 62

This is a nephron process that results in a substance entering the already formed filtrate. a) reabsorption b) filtration c) secretion d) excretion e) none of these choices

Answer 62

c) secretion

Question 63

The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure. a) Renin b) Albumin c) Creatinine d) erythropoetin

Answer 63

a) Renin