Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive system consist of the ______ ______ which extends from the oral cavity to the anus, and ______ _____, which aid in the digestive process
A
Alimentary canal
accessory organs
2
Q
Name the accessory organs of the digestive system
A
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
3
Q
Fused double-layer peritoneum that anchors small intestine in abdominal cavity
A
mesentery
4
Q
Mesenteric cord that suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
A
falciform ligament
5
Q
Serous membrane that covers internal organs
A
visceral peritoneum
6
Q
Fused double-layered peritoneum that anchors large intestine in abdominal cavity
A
mesocolon
7
Q
Membrane that runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach
A
Lesser omentum
8
Q
cavity where the kidneys, abdominal aorta, pancreas, and duodenum are found
A
retroperitoneal cavity
9
Q
serous membrane that lines walls of abdominal cavity
A
parietal peritoneum
10
Q
membrane that runs from greater curvature of stomach to meet mesocolon
A
greater omentum
11
Q
avity below the diaphragm; includes liver, stomach, and most organs
A
abdominal cavity
12
Q
List the four layers of the GI tract from outermost to innermost
A
- (outermost) serosa
- Muscularis externa
- Submucosa
- Mucosa (innermost)
13
Q
Usually contains 2 layers of smooth muscle
A
muscularis externa
14
Q
Visceral peritoneum
A
serosA
15
Q
the myenteric plexus is found here; ANS control of motility
A
muscularis externa
16
Q
important in secretion, absorption of nutrients, and protection
A
mucosa
17
Q
mostly simple columnar epithelial cells
A
mucosa
18
Q
Dense connective tissue loaded with blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and elastic fibers
A
submucosa
19
Q
Layer that lines lumen
A
mucosa
20
Q
contains submucosal plexus
A
submucosa
21
Q
contains Brunner’s glands in small intestine
A
submucosa
22
Q
contains oblique smooth muscles in the stomach
A
muscularis externa
23
Q
Helps keep food in mouth; important in speech
A
tongue
24
Q
manopulates food
A
tongue
25
important in mastication
teeth
26
closes off nasal cavity during deglutition
uvula
27
rough, corrugated surface, helps manipulate food
hard palate
28
helps keep food in mouth; forms side of oral cavity
cheeks
29
closes off opening to respiratory tract during deglutition
epiglottis
30
attaches tongue to floor of mouth
lingual frenulum
31
anchors lips medially to gum
labial frenulum
32
filled with blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels (regarding teeth)
pulp
33
Bulk of the tooth; similar to bone
dentin
34
cellular; hardest substance in the body
enamel
35
covers the crown of the tooth
enamel
36
formed form cells that dies after tooth is formed
enamel
37
vers the root
cementum
38
bulkiest of teeth; most posterior
molars
39
2 pairs, cone shaped with single root
canine (cuspid)
40
chisel-shaped with single root
incisors
41
Anterior most teeth
incisors
42
usually 2 cusps; bulky, 2 or 3 roots
molars/premolars (bicuspids)
43
teeth used for ripping and tearing
canines
44
eth used for grinding food
premolar and molar
45
teeth used for biting off pieces of food
incisors
46
how many diciduous teeth are there? and permanent?
20 and 32
47
Write the dental formula for diciduous teeth and permament teeth
2,1,0,2/2,1,0,2
2,1,2,3/2,1,2,3
48
Functions of saliva
1. moistens mouth
2. Begins starch and fat digestion
3. cleanses teath
4. inhibits bacterial growth
5. dissolves molecules = stimulate taste buds
6. moistens food and binds it together
49
three major pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
50
largest salivary gland
parotid
51
located in front of and below the ear (salivary gland)
submandibular
52
located on the sides of the tong and floor of the mouth (salivary gland)
sublingual gland
53
what digestive organs or acessory organs secrete enzymes that digest or breakdown proteins?
stomach(pepsin) and pancreas (chymotrypsin)
54
the digestion system breaks down the most of the carbohydrates (starch) in the ____ and the ___ ___ by the enzyme ____
Mouth,
smalle intestines
amylase
55
the first site of protein digestion occurs in the ______ by the enzyme ____
stomach
pepsin
56
the hard material that makes up the bulk of the teeth under the covering layer is called _____
dentin
57
In the stomach, proteins are broken down by the enzyme _____
pepsin
58
functions of the tongue include
manipulate or push food between teeth
senses taste and texture of food
helps form the bolus for swallowing
59
The structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory track when you swallow is the
epiglottis
60
chemical digestion begins in the
mouth (starch)
61
the passage that carries food between the pharynx and the stomach is the
esophagus
62
the stomach breaks down food into a soft, semifuluid partially digested mixture called
chyme
63
Food propels through the digestive system by rhythmic muscle contractions called
peristaisis
64
Food is mixed with digestive juices in muscle contractions called
segmentation
65
the projections in the mucosa of the stomach which allow for distention are called
rugae
66
gastric juice consist of
water, HCl acid, pepsin
67
Which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete HCl and intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
68
which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete mucus? why?
mucous cells, for protection and lubrication
69
which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen(pepsin)?
chief cells
70
What activates pepsinogen to pepsin?
HCl acid
71
ich gastric secreations aids in vit B12 absorption?
intrinsic factor
72
the ball-like mass of mechanically digested food formed by the tongue and saliva is called the
bolus
73
which hormone increases gastric juices by the stomach?
gastrin
74
What area of the stomach is closest to diaphragm and causes trapped gas
fundic
75
what area of the stomach (closest to heart) causes heart burn?
cardiac
76
regulates passage of food between pharynx and esophagus
Upper esophageal sphincter
77
regulates passage of food between esophagus and stomach
cardiac sphincter or LES
78
regulates passage of food between stomach and duodenum
pyloric sphincter
79
regulates passage of food between ileum and lg intestines
ileocecal valve
80
cystic duct merges with hepatic duct to form the ____
common bile duct
81
is attached to underside of cecum
vermiform appendix
82
teeth that are used for grinding food
bicuspids and molars
83
chisel type teeth that are used for biting off lg pieces of food
incisors
84
teeth that are used for ripping and tearing
cuspids
85
# of deciduous teeth
20
86
# of permanent teeth
32
87
Process of taking food into the oral cavity
ingestion
88
elimination of nondigestible wastes from body cavity via anus
defecation
89
chewing of food
mastication
90
swallowing of food
deglutition
91
alternate smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the alimentary canal
peristalsis
92
transport of monomers from alimentary canal to blood
absorption
93
breaking of large food chunk into smaller pieces; only increases surface area, no bonds are broken
mechanical digestion
94
breaking of polymers into monomers
chemical digestion
95
Flow of blood in and out of kidney
renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
effferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
cortical radiate vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
96
ball of capillaries found in cortex
glomerulus
97
tubule of nephron that descends through medula
descending limb of loop of Henle
98
Blind, enlarged, cup-like structure that encloses glomerulus
glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule)
99
ubule of nephron that empties into collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
100
tubule that scends through medulla
ascending limb
101
tubule closest to beginning of nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
102
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
renal corpuscle
103
rge dubule that receives many tubules from many nephrons
collecting ducts
104
capillary bed that surrounds tubules in medulla
peritubular capillaries
105
area where an afferent arteriole contacts distal convoluted tubule
JGA
106
ind of nephron that is found mostly in the cortex
cortical nephron
107
kind of nephron found extensively in medulla
juxtamedulary nephron
108
these tubules merge to form papillary ducts
collecting ducts
109
A plasma-derived substance that passes out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule is called
filtrate
110
(where in nephron) simple squamous epithelium; freely permeable to water
descending limb
111
(where in nephron) simple cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli
proximal convoluted tubule
112
simple cuboidal or slightly columnar;impermeable to water
ascending limb
113
(where in nephron) simple cuboidal epithelium with almostn o microvilli
distal convoluted tubule
114
(where in nephron) mouses macula densa
JGA (DCT)
115
Starting with the glomerulus, outline the parts of the nephron and other micro and macrostructures that filtrate/urine passes through on its way outside
glomerular capsule,
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts
papillae (tip of renal pyramid)
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
116
name the two capillary beds found in the kidney
glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
117
water moves out by osmosis; but not hormonally controlled
proximal convoluted tubule and descending limb
118
impermeable to water; Na+ and Cl- move out by acrive transport
ascending limb
119
almost all nutrients move out here
PCT
120
Na+, K+, and Cl- water by osmosis, but ishormonally regulated
DCT and collecting duct
121
the peritubular capillary bed that lie straight and parallel to the loop of Henle is called the _____ and functions in _____
Vasa recta,
concentratine urine
122
give 5 examples of substances that pass easily rhgou hhte filtration membrane of Bowman's capsule and one group of substances that do not pass through
water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, wastes and electrolytes
Does not pass trhough: protein and blood cells
