lecture final - lab portion

Question 1

tidal volume (TV)

Answer 1

the amount of air inspired or expired during a normal quiet breathing cycle

to measure - inhale and then exhale without forcing it

Question 2

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 2

the amount of air expired in addition to the amount normally expired

Question 3

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 3

amount of extra air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration

Question 4

residual volume (RV)

Answer 4

the volume of air that remains after the most forceful expiration

Question 5

can residual volume be measured?

Answer 5

no - but experimentally determined to be about 1 liter

Question 6

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 6

the amount of air that can be forcefully expelled after inhaling as much as possible

Question 7

VC =

Answer 7

TV + ERV + IRV

Question 8

IRV =

Answer 8

VC - TV - ERV

Question 9

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 9

calculate from IRV becauce IC = IRV + TV

Question 10

IC =

Answer 10

IRV + TV

Question 11

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 11

the amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration FRC = ERV + RV

Question 12

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 12

the amount of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration

Question 13

VC for females avergae

Answer 13

2800-3000

Question 14

VC for males average

Answer 14

4100

Question 15

What ultimately influences the respiratory center?

Answer 15

changes in CO2, H+ ion conc. and pH of CSF

Question 16

T/F CO2 is lipid soluble and moves freely between plasma and CSF

Answer 16

true

Question 17

define apnea

Answer 17

suspension of external breathing

no muscles and lung volumes aren’t changing

Question 18

how does holding breath alter the CO2 and pH content of plasma and CSF

Answer 18

holding breath increases CO2 levels which lowers pH of CSF

Question 19

how does hyperventilation alter the CO2 and pH content of the ECF and CSF

Answer 19

increases pH CSF

Question 20

decrease in pH causes an ____ in desire to breathe due to what?

Answer 20

increase, too much CO2

Question 21

as CO2 is exhaled, H+ combines with HCO3 to make

Answer 21

H20 + CO2

Question 22

chloride shift

Answer 22

chloride moves into RBC to balance the electric charge of HCO3 moving out

Question 23

H+ ions make the blood more

Answer 23

acidic (lower ph)

Question 24

plasma buffers do what

Answer 24

stabilize pH of blood by buffering the acidity

Question 25

when sufficient H+ accumulates in blood, it is removed by combination with bicarb to reform _____

Answer 25

carbonic acid

Question 26

blood pH below 7.38

Answer 26

acidosis

Question 27

blood pH above 7.42

Answer 27

alkalosis

Question 28

an increased acidity/decr. pH stimulates which receptors and which respiratory centers

Answer 28

aortic arch, carotid body ---> medulla oblongata and pons

Question 29

thus inhalation is triggered by an ___ acidity in blood

Answer 29

increased

Question 30

hering breuer reflex

Answer 30

inhalation continues and stretch receptors in pulmonary walls cause inhibition of resp. center

Question 31

if someone holds their breath CO2 levels ___ and ph ____

Answer 31

CO2 rise and pH falls

Question 32

during hyperventilation the pH of the blood can rise to the point that desire to breathe is ____ until ____ in the blood rises

Answer 32

extinguished until CO2 rises

Question 33

hyperventilation

Answer 33

alkalosis

Question 34

hypoventilation

Answer 34

acidosis

Question 35

lack of sufficient carbon dioxide during hyperventilation can result in

Answer 35

general vasodilation --> lowers BP and decreases perfusion of the brain resulting in dizziness

Question 36

examples where there is a similar need to deliver more oxygen to tissues

Answer 36

aerobic exercise pregnancy growth high altitudes

Question 37

100% saturation means

Answer 37

hemoglobin has 4 oxygen bound

Question 38

40 mm pp oxygen at resting means hemoglobin only gives up

Answer 38

1 oxygen

Question 39

in metabolically active areas hemoglobin gives ___ oxygen

Answer 39

more (triples)

Question 40

at ____ feet healthy people do well but those with heart problems don't

Answer 40

10,000

Question 41

a long term effect of high altitude is when cells do not get enough oxygen and so angiogenic factors increase ____

Answer 41

capillaries

Question 42

an increase in capillaries increases ____ which increases diffusion and rate of molecules

Answer 42

surface area

Question 43

breathing more --> more CO2 out --> drive to breath ___

Answer 43

drops

Question 44

other long term effects of high altitude

Answer 44

increased SA for diffusion increased growth of alveoli CO decreases to kidney --> erythropoietin (kidneys sensitive to hypoxia)