Lecture Finals Reviewer Flashcards

(93 cards)

1
Q

Elimination of waste products by specific organs or tissues

A

Excretion

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2
Q

The major organ responsible for eliminating urea and other wastes

A

Kidney

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3
Q

The process by which sweat glands remove urea and inorganic salts

A

Excretion by Skin

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4
Q

Organs responsible for removing gaseous waste products like carbon dioxide

A

Gills and Lungs

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5
Q

Organ that removes cholesterol, bile salts, excess calcium/iron, and eliminates them via the intestine

A

Liver

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6
Q

End-products of protein, amino acid, pyrimidine, and purine degradation

A

Nitrogenous Wastes

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7
Q

Highly toxic nitrogenous waste requiring large amounts of water for elimination; main product of amino acid breakdown

A

Ammonia

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8
Q

Nitrogenous waste produced in the liver, less toxic, and a water conservation adaptation in some animals

A

Urea

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9
Q

Nitrogenous waste excreted as a crystalline, water-insoluble substance by birds, reptiles, and insects

A

Uric Acid

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10
Q

Nitrogenous waste product excreted by spiders

A

Guanine

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11
Q

Major nitrogenous waste in marine teleosts, octopus, squids, and crabs

A

Trimethylamine oxide

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12
Q

Substance excreted by mammals in addition to urea

A

Hippuric acid

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13
Q

Major excretory product in birds, formed in the liver

A

Ornithuric acid

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14
Q

The chief excretory product in protozoans and many aquatic invertebrates

A

Ammonia (Ammonotelic Excretion)

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15
Q

Excretion pattern where nitrogen is eliminated mainly as urea

A

Ureotelic Excretion

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16
Q

Excretion pattern where nitrogen is eliminated mainly as uric acid

A

Uricotelic Excretion

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17
Q

Excretion pattern where guanine is the main nitrogenous waste

A

Guanotelic Excretion

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18
Q

Excretory organs in Platyhelminthes

A

Flame cells

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19
Q

Excretory organs in Annelida, Mollusca, and some Arthropoda

A

Nephridia

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20
Q

Excretory organs in Arthropoda that collect fluid from haemolymph

A

Malpighian tubules

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21
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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22
Q

The process by which the glomerulus filters water and solutes from blood plasma into Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular Filtration

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23
Q

The volume of plasma filtered by the glomeruli per minute

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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24
Q

The process by which useful substances are returned from the filtrate to the blood

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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25
The process by which substances are transported from blood into the filtrate for excretion
Tubular Secretion
26
The three main stages of urine formation
Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, Tubular Secretion
27
Mechanism in the kidney that creates a gradient for producing hyper- or hypoosmotic urine
Countercurrent Mechanism
28
Hormone that increases water permeability in the distal tubule and collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
29
Hormone that conserves sodium in the kidney
Aldosterone
30
The system that regulates sodium and blood pressure via the kidney
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
31
The process by which kidneys regulate plasma bicarbonate and pH
Acid-Base Regulation
32
The process of forming a head with concentrated nervous tissue and brain
Cephalization
33
Structural and functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
34
Cells that support neurons and exchange nutrients/wastes but do not conduct impulses
Neuroglial Cells
35
The capacity of a neuron to react to environmental changes
Irritability
36
The delay between stimulus and response due to conduction time
Latent Period
37
The charge difference across a neuron membrane at rest
Resting Membrane Potential
38
The rapid change in membrane potential during neuron excitation
Action Potential
39
The small, sub-threshold change in membrane potential
Electrotonic Potential
40
The minimum stimulus strength required to elicit a response
Threshold Stimulus Strength
41
The lowest intensity of indefinitely long stimulus that elicits a response
Rheobase
42
The minimum time required for a stimulus twice the rheobase to elicit a response
Chronaxie
43
The period during and after an action potential when a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus
Refractory Period
44
The period during which no stimulus can elicit a response
Absolute Refractory Period
45
The period during which only a strong stimulus can elicit a response
Relative Refractory Period
46
The phenomenon where nerves do not respond to gradually increasing currents
Accommodation
47
The process by which an impulse is transmitted across a synapse using neurotransmitters
Chemical Synapse
48
The process by which an impulse is transmitted almost instantaneously across a synapse with low resistance
Electrical Synapse
49
The point of contact between the nervous system and the environment
Receptor Cell
50
The process by which a stimulus generates an impulse in a sensory cell
Sensory Transduction
51
Receptors that respond to chemical stimuli
Chemoreceptors
52
Receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli
Mechanoreceptors
53
Receptors that respond to radiant energy such as light
Radioreceptors
54
Receptors that respond to temperature
Thermoreceptors
55
Receptors that respond to pain or noxious stimuli
Nociceptors
56
The sense of smell, detected by specialized receptors in the nasal region
Olfaction (Olfactory Receptors)
57
The sense of taste, detected by taste buds on the tongue and other areas
Gustation (Gustatory Receptors)
58
Receptors in muscles that respond to stretch and relaxation
Muscle Spindles (Muscle Receptors)
59
Pressure and vibration receptors found in the skin and other tissues
Pacinian Corpuscles
60
Organs in crustaceans that detect changes in body position relative to gravity
Statocysts
61
The sensory organ responsible for equilibrium and hearing in vertebrates
Membranous Labyrinth
62
The process by which sound vibrations are transmitted through the ear to the brain
Hearing (Audio Receptors)
63
The light-sensitive layer of the eye containing rods and cones
Retina
64
The pigment in rods responsible for dim light vision
Rhodopsin
65
The pigment in cones responsible for color vision
Iodopsin
66
The process by which the eye focuses light rays on the retina
Image Formation (Dioptric Apparatus)
67
The protective, outermost coat of the eyeball
Sclerotic Coat
68
The reflecting, middle coat of the eyeball
Choroid
69
The transparent, light-focusing structure behind the iris
Lens
70
The process by which the nervous system integrates and coordinates activity in response to stimuli
Nervous Coordination
71
The path traced by a reflex action, from receptor to effector
Reflex Arc
72
The involuntary, integrated activity in response to a stimulus
Reflex
73
The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity
Somatic Division
74
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activity of smooth muscle and glands
Autonomic Division
75
The autonomic system division with final synapse in a remote ganglion
Sympathetic System
76
The autonomic system division with synapse in the effector organ
Parasympathetic System
77
The central power station of the nervous system
Brain
78
The continuation of the spinal cord in the brain, including medulla, pons, and midbrain
Brain Stem
79
The part of the brain containing cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers
Medulla Oblongata
80
The cord-like structure extending from the medulla oblongata down the vertebral column
Spinal Cord
81
The functional unit of the kidney composed of tubules and blood vessels
Nephron
82
The process by which the kidney adjusts plasma osmolarity using the loop of Henle and vasa recta
Countercurrent Mechanism
83
The hormone that acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
84
The hormone that conserves sodium by acting on the kidney
Aldosterone
85
The system that regulates sodium and blood pressure via the kidney
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
86
The process by which kidneys regulate plasma bicarbonate and pH
Acid-Base Regulation
87
The process by which an impulse is transmitted across a synapse using neurotransmitters
Chemical Synapse
88
The process by which an impulse is transmitted almost instantaneously across a synapse with low resistance
Electrical Synapse
89
The process by which useful substances are returned from the filtrate to the blood
Tubular Reabsorption
90
The process by which substances are transported from blood into the filtrate for excretion
Tubular Secretion
91
The three main stages of urine formation
Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, Tubular Secretion
92
The process by which the glomerulus filters water and solutes from blood plasma into Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular Filtration
93
End-products of protein, amino acid, pyrimidine, and purine degradation
Nitrogenous Wastes