Lecture Four: Motor Learning Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is the Definition of Motor Learning?
The study of the acquisition and/or modification of skilled action
- Is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
- Learning results from practice or experience
- Learning cannot be measures directly- it is inferred from behavior
- Produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
Motor learning emerges from
Perception —>Cognition —> Action Processes
Interaction with : Individual, task, and Environment
Motor learning focuses on
- Acquisition/Modification of movement
- Reacquisition of Movement
Components of Motor Learning
- Sensory Processing
- Motor Skill Acquisition
- Ability to perform a skill during various conditions
- Retention/Memory of an Acquired skill
Motor Performance vs. Motor Learning
Motor Performance is the temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice sessions- may not be retained
Motor Learning is Relatively permanent change in motor performance
Performance Vs. Learning
Performance during practice
Learned Skill = Retention
Performance Characteristics of Skills
- Improvement
- Consistency : able to do the skill over time
- Stability: can do the skill well
- Persistence : will stick with it
- Adaptability : can apply the skill to different environments
Forms of learning and long term memory
Implicit/Procedural Learning and Memory
Explicit( Declarative) Learning & Memory
Implicit/Procedural Learning and Memory
Learned behaviors or habits that are performed automatically without excessive mental concentration
Explicit( Declarative) Learning & Memory
Learning of factual knowledge that can be consciously recalled: requires awareness, attention reflection
Theories of Stage of Motor Learning
- Fitts and Posner Three Stage Model
- Bernstein’s Three- Stage Model
- Gentile’s Two Stage Model
Fitts and Posner
3 Stages: Cognitive Stage–> Associative Stage –> Auntonomus Stage
Fitts and Posner
3 Stages: Cognitive Stage–> Associative Stage –> Auntonomus Stage : Skill is becoming automatic; little cognitive attention needed
Bernstein Three Stage Model( System)
Novice --> Advanced Stage --> Expert Stage Novice - Constraining degrees of freedom -Decreased efficiency and flexibility Advanced Stage - Releasing degrees of freedom - Use of muscle synergies Expert Stage -Efficient and Coordinated -Incorporates use of other systems( mechanics) for efficiency
Gentile’s Two Stage Model
First Stage—> Second Stage
First Stage
- Develops an understanding of task dynamics and possible movement strategies
Second Stage
- Fixation/Diversification stage- refine movement
-Develop ability to adapt to changing task and environmental conditions
-Learn to perform task consistently and efficiently
What is Fixation/Diversification
Open vs closed skills
Open Skill
A skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion that requires individuals to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment
Closed Skill
A skill performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows individuals to plan their movements in advance
Practice levels
Intensity: LOTs of Practice
Not just reps
Practice Considerations
Specificity
Variability
Specificity
Practicing a task in a n environment as close as possible to the one the patient is expected to function in : practicing a task in one environment does not necessarily mean that skill will transfers to another environment
Variability
Variability in practice allows for variability in performance
Practice Conditions
- Blocked vs. Random
- Whole vs. Part
- Massed vs Distributed
- Constant vs. Variable
- Mental Practice/Imagery
- Guidance vs. Discovery
Blocked vs. Random Practice
Blocked : Repeat the same skill several time ( XXXXX)
Random: Practice several skills in a randomized time( XXZYXYY)
Serial: Practice several skills in the same order/pattern (XYZXYZXYZ)
