LECTURE II

Question 1

describe the process of spermatogenesis?

Answer 1

spermatogonium to secondary spermatocyte after mitosis and meiosis then to the spermatid after meiosis II and then differentiation to sperm

Question 2

what are the stages in oogenesis?

Answer 2

oogonium
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
ovum

Question 3

in oogenesis, we start with the primordial germ cell in embryo which differentiates into?

Answer 3

oogonium

Question 4

in this part of oogenesis, there is the differentiation of the oogonium and onset of meiosis I to produce?

Answer 4

primary oocyte

Question 5

in this stage of oogenesis, the primary oocyte undergoes completion of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II to produced?

Answer 5

secondary oocyte and the first polar body

Question 6

when the secondary oocyte undergoes ovulation, what is then produced?

Answer 6

ovum and the second polar body

Question 7

this gene is required for ovarian development and its expression inhibits SOX9 activity?

Answer 7

DAX1

Question 8

this gene is located on the Y chromosome and its expression inhibits DAX1 activity?

Answer 8

SRY

Question 9

we on chromosome 9, XY sex reversal with loss of this gene?

Answer 9

DMRT1

Question 10

this male hormone aids in the development of the penis and prostate but expression of androgen receptors must happen first

Answer 10

DHT

Question 11

this region of the chromosome is present in XX males and deleted in XY females?

Answer 11

Yp pseudoautosomal region

Question 12

what are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

Answer 12

spermatogenial
spermatocyte
spermatid

Question 13

these cells nourish developing sperm

Answer 13

sertoli cells

Question 14

these cells secret androgen (testosterone)

Answer 14

leydig cells

Question 15

outside tubules produce testosterone

Answer 15

interstitial cells

Question 16

what part of the endometrium sloughs off?

Answer 16

stratum functionalis of the endometrium, the other part, stratum basalis of the endometrium

Question 17

in the stages of Oogenesis, this is arrested in prophase of meiosis I and present at birth?

Answer 17

primary oocyte, however completion of meiosis I and the onset of meiosis II leads to the formation of the secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase II

Question 18

when is meiosis II completed?

Answer 18

ovulation

Question 19

these cells make androgen?

Answer 19

theca cells

Question 20

these cells convert those androgens into estradiol and estrogen?

Answer 20

granulosa cells

Question 21

how many ovum are ovulated?

Answer 21

1

Question 22

this hormone favors pregnancy?

Answer 22

progesterone

Question 23

this hormone induces:
estrus 
corticosterone 
cortisol
aldosterone

Answer 23

estrogen

Question 24

this type of contraception:
suppression of FSH- no dominant follicle

increase in progesterone-reduced progesterone dose

decreases likelihood of implantation

feedback inhibition of GnRH, FSH and LH release

Answer 24

continuous high estrogen

Question 25

prevents ovulation by suppressing LH surge thickens cervical mucus decreases likelihood of implantation feedback inhibition of GnRH, FSH, and LH release

Answer 25

continuous high progesterone

Question 26

high dose of progesterone or high dose progesterone and estradiol-no ovulation

Answer 26

morning after pill

Question 27

Mifepristone or RU 486 blocks the activity of progesterone effective up to week nine decidual degeneration reduced hCG

Answer 27

RU-486

Question 28

in the male reproductive life cycle changes, what are the stages of the cycle?

Answer 28

embryonic prepubertal birth pubertal post pubertal

Question 29

in the male reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? response to testosterone receptors for testosterone must be present on tissue

Answer 29

embryonic

Question 30

in the male reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? at birth, testosterone decreases to undetectable levels at about one week testosterone and LH increase in males from 1-6 months at 7 months, testosterone falls to insignificant levels and stays there until puberty

Answer 30

prepubertal birth

Question 31

in the male reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? decrease in melatonin decreased feedback sensitivity of gonadotropin-gonadostatin, increased GnRH secretion, increased pituitary cell sensitivity to GnRH increased LH:FSH in response to GnRH, increased Leydig cell sensitivity to LH: increased testosterone synthesis and cessation of division, activation of Sertoli cells sequential development of testes and secondary sex characteristics stimulation of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

Answer 31

Pubertal

Question 32

in the male reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? tonic hypothalamic center controls more or less continuous release of FSH and LH testes provide more or less continuous synthesis of testosterone add to adrenal produced testosterone 33% higher than female gradual decline of testicular function and test levels from around age 40-45

Answer 32

post-pubertal

Question 33

what are the stages in the female reproductive life cycle changes?

Answer 33

``` embryonic pre-pubertal pubertal post-pubertal peri-and post-menopause ```

Question 34

in the female reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? differentiation occurs in the absence of increased test levels estrogen required for full differentiation and development of uterus and vagina

Answer 34

embryonic

Question 35

in the female reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? low levels of estrogen throughout childhood increasing levels in late childhood leads to ovarian development high sensitivity of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids

Answer 35

pre-pubertal

Question 36

in the female reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? reduction of sensitivity of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids-gonadostat hypothesis

Answer 36

pubertal

Question 37

in the female reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? cyclic hypothalamic center controls periodic surges of LH and FSH progressive shortening of menstrual cycle with increasing age-follicular phase

Answer 37

post pubertal

Question 38

in the female reproductive life cycle changes, this happens during what stage? around age 45, shortening of the follicular phase with increase in FSH at mid cycle surge estradiol secretion from ovary progressively declines other tissue maintain estrogen levels menopausal symptoms due to estrogen deficiency

Answer 38

peri- and post- menopause

Question 39

in mitosis, the life cycle of somatic cells, what phase does DNA synthesis occur?

Answer 39

S phase

Question 40

what phase of mitosis is the cell in listed below? RNA and protein synthesis cell growth nucleus growth

Answer 40

G1 phase

Question 41

what phase of mitosis is the cell in listed below? DNA synthesis histone synthesis centriole duplicates

Answer 41

S phase

Question 42

what phase of mitosis is the cell in listed below? multiplication of cell organelles cell growth nucleus growth biochemicals for m-phase

Answer 42

G2 phase

Question 43

what phase of mitosis is the cell in listed below? PMAT (Karyokinesis) and cytokinesis

Answer 43

M-phase

Question 44

how is progression through parts of the cell cycle affected?

Answer 44

via specific cyclins

Question 45

this cyclin triggers cells to move from G0 to G1 and from G1 into S phase?

Answer 45

cyclin D

Question 46

this cyclin prepares the cell for DNA replication in the S phase?

Answer 46

Cyclin E

Question 47

this cyclin activates DNA replication inside the nucleus in the S phase?

Answer 47

Cyclin A

Question 48

this cyclin promotes the assembly of the mitotic spindle and other tasks in the cytoplasm to prepare for mitosis?

Answer 48

Cyclin B

Question 49

purpose of meiosis?

Answer 49

reduction of the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid reassortment of paternal and maternal chromosomes redistribution of maternal and paternal genes through translocation

Question 50

what are the different types of chromosomal abnormalities/aberrations?

Answer 50

numerical and structural

Question 51

Euploidy, Aneuploidy, XXY, Triploidy, Tetrapolidy are what kinds of chromosomal aberrations?

Answer 51

Non-disjunction

Question 52

what are specific diseases due to Aneuploidy?

Answer 52

Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY;48,XXYY) (48,XXXY;49,XXXXY) Turner Syndrome (45,XO) Trisomy 21

Question 53

what are the types of abnormal structures or gene arrangement on one or more chromosomes?

Answer 53

balanced rearrangements | unbalanced rearrangements

Question 54

these are the characteristics for what type of structural abnormality? individual with balanced rearrangement has a full complement of genetic information may be no phenotypic abnormalities may not be detected until progeny show abnormalities

Answer 54

Balanced rearrangements

Question 55

these are the characteristics for what type of structural abnormality? phenotypic abnormalities are likely due to deletions or duplications frequent fetal abnormalities duplications=partial trisomy deletions=partial monosomy

Answer 55

unbalanced rearrangments