Lecture/Lab: Respiratory System Flashcards

Question

Club cells

Answer 1

Club cells manufacture "club cell secretory protein" that protects the epithelial lining as well as a surfactant-like substance that helps prevent collapse by reducing surface tension. - Structure: Non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical aspect projects into lumen - Function: Detoxify harmful compounds in the air. Secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion. Mitotically active stem cell - Location: Bronchioles Outlined cell is a club cell. See the characteristic dome-shape apical surface and granules.

Answer 2

Most distal region of the conducting portion Club cells with some ciliated cells

Answer 3

- First region of gas exchange - Wall is interrupted with alveoli - Club cells (dominate) and some ciliated cells From lab: a passageway lined both with patches of club cell epithelium and patches of alveolar epithelium

Answer 4

Lined by type I and type II pneumocytes (AT1 & AT2 cells) a passageway connecting adjacent alveolar sacs. Its outline is formed by the terminations of the alveolar walls

Answer 5

Groups of alveoli clustered around a common air space Epithelium: * type I pneumocyte (AT1 cells) * type II pneumocytes (AT2 cells) the distal end of an alveolar duct, consisting of 8-12 alveoli

Answer 6

Structure: - Thin, squamous cells with occluding junctions Function: - Provide a barrier optimal for gas exchange Location: - Cover 95% of the surface area of the alveolus

Answer 7

(also called septal cells) Structure: - Cuboidal secretory cells with apical cytoplasm that contains lamellar bodies Location: - Typically found at junctions and occupy 5% of the surface area Function: - Stem cell: type I and type II pneumocytes - Continuously produce surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension Their location is most often at corners of the alveolar walls, where they can arrange themselves so as to take up the least amount of lumenal space possible.

Answer 8

Thin region: - Site of air-blood barrier, gas exchange areas - Capillaries function in gas exchange Thick region (pulmonary interstitium) Composed of - Collagen and elastic fibers - Capillaries and lymphatic vessels - Fibroblasts and immune cells - Macrophages

Answer 9

Four components make up the blood air barrier: - Thin layer of surfactant, 1st thing air comes iin contact with - Alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte cytoplasm) -->thin squamous cell - Fused basement membranes of the alveolar cell and the endothelial cell. Usually, under the basement membrane epithelium is CT. But here, you fuse the BM with the capillary underneath. Basal lamina of A1 cell is fused with the epithelial of the capillary - Endothelial cell – specialized type for gas exchange and leukocyte diapedesis called aerocytes

Answer 10

(pores of Kohn) Functions include: - Equalizing pressure in the alveoli - Enable collateral ventilation, so that air doesn't go only in one alveolus - Allow macrophage migration

Answer 11

Alveolar macrophages and Interstitial macrophages

Answer 12

- Function in luminal and airspaces of alveoli - Some pass up the bronchial tree in mucus to reach the pharynx - Some migrate to connective tissue where they may stay with particles for the life of the individual (dust cells) - Particles in the interstitium increase the likelihood of lung damage - Less effective at stimulating an immune response From lab: Alveolar macrophages crawl along the surfactant layer by extending pseudopodia, and thus are not permanently attached to the epithelium

Answer 13

- Exist in the connective tissue - Stimulates and coordinates with local and systemic immune response

Answer 14

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue/bronchial associated lymphoid tissue. lymphocytes in the trachea Dense accumulations cells seen in the lamina propria and submucosa. Though these cells are motile, they tend to congregate in areas where they are likely to encounter foreign antigen

Answer 15

the terminal cup-shaped passageways of the lung, lined with alveolar epithelium

Answer 16

Intrapulmonary bronchi retain some of the cartilage in their wall in the form of plates can tell it's intrapulmonary by looking at the alveolar tissue surrounding the bronchus

Answer 17

The intracellular surfactant, stored in lamellar bodies, gives the AT2 a bubbly appearance that may unfortunately be sometimes similar to macrophages producing surfactant, a material that coats the apical surface of the alveolar epithelium and reduces the surface tension for gases, allowing them to better diffuse through to and from the circulation

Answer 18

Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema (From Google) Too little elastic fibers = lungs can't recoil = emphysema (from lecture) Key to recognizing this pathology is to note that alveoli in a normal lung are are always the same volume. A normal lung contains 100 millions of alveoli that, together with the other structures you have learned, should occupy the entire space.[2] To the extent that portions of the lung consist of larger spaces, capacity for gas exchange is lost.