lecture notes Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
four major secretory cells found in stomach
A
- mucous cells
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- G cells
2
Q
parietal cells
A
secrete hydrochloric acid, needed to activate pepsinogen
3
Q
nutrition
A
process of ingesting/utilizing nutrients for energy
4
Q
lg intestine
A
absorbs water/eliminates waste
5
Q
metabolism allows chemical reactions that
A
- produce heat to maintain body temp
- conduct neural impulses
- contact muscles
6
Q
carbohydrate metabolism
A
generates ATP
7
Q
lipid metabolism
A
energy storage and release
8
Q
protein metabolism
A
provides amino acids
9
Q
carbohydrates
A
provide energy
10
Q
fat-soluble vitamines
A
A, D, E, K
11
Q
water-soluble
A
all other vitamins
12
Q
macrominerals
A
sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfer
13
Q
microminerals
A
iron, zinc, fluoride, copper
14
Q
hypothalamus
A
regulates hunger/satiety
15
Q
digestive system is essential for:
A
- digesting/extracting macronutrients
- absorbing nutrients
- forming barrier against microorganisms/foreign materials
16
Q
produce/secrete digestive enzymes
A
salivary glands, pancreas, liver
17
Q
needed for elimination
A
- motility/patency
- neuromuscular signaling
- adequate perfusion
18
Q
primary roles of kidneys
A
- regulation of body fluids
- balance btwn acids/basis
19
Q
kidneys
A
- filter water-soluble substances from blood
- reabsorb filtered nutrients, water, electrolytes
- secrete waste
20
Q
should not be present in urine
A
glucose, ketones, nitrite, bacteria, leukocyte esterase, crystals, stones, protein
21
Q
visceral pain
A
- radiating/generalized
- difficult to determine precise location
22
Q
somatic pain
A
- sharp, intense, localized to specific site
- caused by injury to abd wall/parietal peritoneum
23
Q
referred
A
- felt at location different from origin of pain
- caused by sharing a common afferent pathway btwn organ of pain and referred location
24
Q
labs for kidney disease
A
CFR, CMP, BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, CBC
25
PUD/GERD labs
liver, kidney, CBC, platelets, electrolytes
26
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hypothalamus - posterior pituitary
promotes water reabsorption (retention of fluids)
27
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
hypothalamus
controls release of pituitary hormones
28
epinephrine | norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
transmits neural impulses
29
glucagon
pancreatic islet cells
stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase glucose in blood
30
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
adrenal cortex
affects metabolism of all nutrients, regulates blood glucose levels, has anti-inflammatory properties
31
growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary
stimulates growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, inhibits carbohydrate metabolism
32
brainstem
coordinates actions of AND, cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and catecholamines are produced
33
ANS
HR, BP, RR ↑
pupils dilate
sweating ↑
34
cerebral cortex
regulates cognitive activities
- intense focus, planning, attention, persistence
35
limbic system
regulates emotions and stimulates reticular activating system
- fear, anxiety, anger, excitement
36
thalamus
intensifies sensory input related to stressor
- vision, hearing, smell
37
hypothalamus
releases hormones to initiate neuroendocrine response; acts of ANS
38
reticular activating system
↑ alertness and muscle tension and contributes to stimulation or ANS
39
altered hormone function dx tests
blood, urine, CT, MRI for tumor dx, genetic testing
40
SIADH symptoms
hyponatremia, hypotonicity, ↓ urine volume, highly concentrated urine
edema is uncommon
41
most common cause of hypothyroidism
Graves disease
42
glucocorticoid deficiency symtoms
hypoglycemia, weakness, poor stress response, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, weight loss, personality changes
43
mineralocorticoid deficiency symptoms
dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, shock
44
androgen deficiency symptoms
sparse axillary and pubic hair
45
Addison's dx test
electrolyte levels, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, serum corticosteroid levels
46
endocrine pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
47
exocrine pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluids throughout pancreatic duct into duodenum
48
pancreatic islet
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
49
pancreatic islet
beta cells
secrete insulin
50
with insulin, secretion is ↑ when there are elevations in:
- blood glucose
- amino acids
- potassium, phosphate, magnesium
- glucagon, gastrin
51
situations that cause ↓ in insulin secretion
- low blood glucose
- ↑ levels of insulin
- stimulation of alpha cells
52
type 1 DM s/s
3 Ps
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
nocturne, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, blurred vision
53
type 2 DM s/s
often insidious/non specific
sometimes same as type 1: 3 Ps
visual changes, changes in kidney function, CAD, PVD, recurrent infections, neuropathy
54
type 2 tx
weight control, oral glycemics, insulin replacement, exercise
55
type 1 DM tx
glycemic control, exercise, insulin replacement
56
adrenal cortex hyper secretion
Cushing's disease
57
adrenal cortex hypo secretion
Addison's disease
58
gonads - estrogen hypo secretion
menstrual/metabolic dysfunction
59
gonads - progesterone hypo secretion
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
60
gonads - testosterone hypo secretion
hypogonadism
61
pancreatic islets - insulin - hypo secretion
DM
62
parathyroid hyper secretion
hyperparathyroidism
63
parathyroid hyposecretion
hypoparathyroidism
64
pituitary - ADH hypo secretion
DI (diabetes insipidus)
65
pituitary ADH hyper secretion
SIADH
66
pituitary - growth hormone hyposecretio
small stature
67
pituitary - growth hormone hyper secretion
acromegaly (adults)
68
pituitary - oxytocin hypo secretion
delayed delivery/lack of milk ejection
69
thyroid hyper secretion
Grave's disease
70
thyroid hyposecretion
myxedema (adults)
71
classes of steroid hormones
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
72
long term effects of corticosteroid therapy
behavioral changes, eye changes, immune response, metabolic changes, myopathy, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers
73
glucogenesis
production of new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules (protein/lipid)
