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Mike: ANTH 121 > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What do anthropologists study?

A

Human behavior, focusing on cultural norms, values, and strategies to challenge them.

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2
Q

What tools does anthropology provide?

A

Understanding the influence of cultural institutions like government, media, and religion.

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3
Q

Define Holism in anthropology.

A

The view that society is interconnected, requiring understanding of all aspects of life to grasp any part.

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4
Q

What is Culture?

A

A shared set of beliefs, practices, symbols, norms, values, and structures that bind people together.

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5
Q

What are Cultural Norms?

A

Unwritten rules about acceptable behavior.

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6
Q

What is Cultural Determinism?

A

The concept that culture influences behavior and defines what is considered normal or acceptable.

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7
Q

What is Enculturation?

A

The process by which culture is learned, both formally and informally.

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8
Q

What is a society?

A

A group of people sharing a territory, culture, and institutions.

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9
Q

How did early anthropology relate to colonialism?

A

It started as a colonial science, helping to control and oppress colonized peoples.

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10
Q

What is Historical Particularism?

A

Franz Boas’ idea that cultures should be studied in their own context, rejecting evolutionary frameworks.

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11
Q

What does Cultural Relativism advocate?

A

Understanding cultures based on their own values, not from an outsider’s perspective.

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12
Q

What is Clifford Geertz’s Interpretivist Approach?

A

Views culture as a symbolic system of shared ideas and knowledge.

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13
Q

Define ‘Thick Description.’

A

Geertz’s method of going beyond surface-level actions to understand deeper cultural meanings.

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14
Q

What does ‘The Gaze’ refer to?

A

How dominant groups observe and represent marginalized groups, often involving power dynamics.

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15
Q

What does the term ‘Body Ritual among Nacirema’ illustrate?

A

It highlights the peculiarities of American rituals regarding the body and encourages reflection on cultural assumptions.

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16
Q

What is the Thomas Theorem?

A

Belief in a false reality can have real consequences, such as systemic inequality.

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17
Q

What is Material Culture?

A

Physical and digital objects created by humans, including tools and buildings.

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18
Q

Define Symbolic Culture.

A

Non-material aspects like thoughts, norms, language, and values.

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19
Q

What is Paralanguage?

A

Speech characteristics like pitch, tempo, and tone that convey meaning.

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20
Q

What does Kinesics refer to?

A

Body language norms, including gestures and facial expressions.

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21
Q

What are Emic and Etic Perspectives?

A

Emic: Insider’s perspective; Etic: Outsider’s perspective.

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22
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Research aimed at understanding underlying reasons/motivations, focusing on context and subjectivity.

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23
Q

What is Quantitative Research?

A

Research that aims to quantify data and generalize results using a large sample.

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24
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

The study of people’s everyday lives through participation and observation.

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25
What are the types of Interviews in anthropology?
Structured, Unstructured, Semi-Structured, and Focus Group.
26
What are Fieldnotes?
Essential documentation of observations, sensory impressions, and personal reflections.
27
What are the AAA Ethical Guidelines?
Do no harm, be honest, obtain consent, respect participants, and protect records.
28
What is the 'Decolonial Turn' in Anthropology?
Focus on using anthropology to end oppression and engage with practices without judgment.
29
What is Language Shift?
When a community abandons one language for another, often due to cultural dominance.
30
Define Linguistic Imperialism.
The imposition of a dominant language over others, often linked to colonialism.
31
What is Kinship?
Familial relationships based on blood, marriage, or cultural ties.
32
What are the types of Marriage?
Monogamy, Polygamy (polygyny and polyandry), arranged vs. companionate marriages.
33
What is Stratification?
The division of people into hierarchies based on cultural and social constructs.
34
What did Karl Marx contribute to the understanding of class?
Divided society into the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and proletariat (working class).
35
What is Alienation according to Marx?
Workers are estranged from the products they make, the labor process, and their own potential.
36
What is the concept of Class Consciousness?
Awareness of class-based oppression.
37
What is the myth of meritocracy?
The belief that success is solely based on hard work, ignoring inherited advantages.
38
What does Intersectionality refer to?
The interaction of social factors like race, gender, and class in shaping life chances.
39
What is Ideology in the context of stratification?
Human-created narratives that explain how the world works and justify systems of inequality.
40
Define Cultural Hegemony.
The control achieved through persuasion, where dominant worldviews become accepted as natural.
41
What are human-created narratives used for?
To explain how the world works and how people should act.
42
Define dominant ideology.
Beliefs held by those in power, used to justify systems of stratification.
43
How do stratified systems rely on ideologies?
They make inequality seem natural and unavoidable.
44
What is false consciousness?
When subordinated groups believe they are inferior, helping maintain stratification.
45
Who introduced the concept of cultural hegemony?
Antonio Gramsci.
46
What is cultural hegemony?
Control achieved through persuasion rather than force, where dominant worldviews become accepted as natural.
47
What is required to change dominant ideologies?
Collective action, not individual efforts.
48
Are gender, sex, and sexuality universally defined?
No, they are cultural constructs.
49
What is gender ideology?
The belief that there are only two genders.
50
How do gender roles and expressions vary?
They vary across cultures, with many recognizing more than two genders.
51
What is the sexual division of labor?
In some cultures, women don’t hunt due to the impracticality of caring for children.
52
What is the relationship between gender equality and resource control?
Societies with more gender equality allow for greater control over resources.
53
What is natural selection?
Differential survival/reproduction due to phenotypic differences.
54
What influences physical talent?
Culture and environment, not race.
55
What is the history of the race concept based on?
Racial classifications arose during colonialism, influenced by biased observations.
56
What is eugenics?
Aims to improve genetic quality, often by excluding certain races or groups.
57
Define globalization.
Growing cultural similarity and economic interdependence, often driven by imperialism.
58
How do corporations shape global politics?
Multinational and transnational corporations often act in favor of their interests.
59
What was the Triangle Trade?
Exchange between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, goods, and wealth.
60
What justified the enslavement of Africans?
The belief in racial hierarchies.
61
What is the Scramble for Africa?
European powers colonized Africa for resources, creating long-lasting tensions.
62
What is neoliberalism?
An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the market.
63
What do commodities represent in social life?
They are embedded in cultural and social systems, influencing identities and cultural values.
64
What does medical anthropology examine?
How people perceive illness, healing, and the body.
65
What is the biocultural perspective?
Focuses on how biological and cultural factors shape health.
66
Define health vs illness.
'Health' is the absence of disease, while 'illness' is the lived experience of suffering.
67
What is the sick role?
Privileges granted to sick individuals if their illness is socially accepted.
68
What is medicalization?
Turning social processes or human variations into medical issues.
69
What contributes to health inequity?
Social factors like education, income, and race.
70
What is medical racism?
Racial disparities in health influenced by racism, not genetic differences.
71
What is ableism in medicine?
The belief that non-disabled lives are more valuable, leading to discrimination.
72
What is public anthropology?
Engagement with public audiences to make anthropological knowledge accessible.
73
What is applied anthropology?
Uses anthropological methods to solve real-world problems.
74
What is participatory design ethnography?
Combines participatory design and ethnography for user-involved design processes.
75
What was the Library Transformations Project?
An ethnographic project understanding student perceptions of university libraries.

Mike: ANTH 121 (4 decks)

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