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Mike: ANTH 121 > Perspectives: A open introduction to social anthropology > Flashcards

Perspectives: A open introduction to social anthropology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Biological Anthropology focus on?

A

Studying genetic/phenotypic variation in present-day humans

It examines how skin color evolved to balance UV exposure, folic acid, and Vitamin D.

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2
Q

What is the significance of Nina Jablonski’s research?

A

Dark skin protects folic acid in high UV areas; light skin absorbs Vitamin D in low UV areas.

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3
Q

What do prehistoric archaeologists study?

A

Material remains (tools, food, pottery) to reconstruct societies without writing.

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4
Q

What key questions do archaeologists ask?

A
  • How did people live?
  • What did they eat?
  • How did societies change?
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5
Q

What method do archaeologists use to uncover remains?

A

Excavation to record context.

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6
Q

Who studied the continuous occupation of Jericho?

A

Kathleen Kenyon.

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7
Q

What do historical archaeologists study?

A

Recent societies using remains and written records.

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8
Q

What is the Garbage Project in Tucson?

A

A study providing insights into contemporary life through material remains.

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9
Q

What does Linguistic Anthropology focus on?

A

Language as a key human trait enabling communication, planning, and identity expression.

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10
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

A

Language influences thought.

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11
Q

Provide an example of how language can influence worldview.

A

Hopi language lacks tenses, indicating a cyclical time view.

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12
Q

What is Applied Anthropology?

A

Uses anthropological theories/methods to solve practical problems.

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13
Q

In which fields does Applied Anthropology work?

A
  • Business
  • Government
  • Law enforcement
  • Healthcare
  • NGOs
  • Military
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14
Q

What does Medical Anthropology study?

A

Health, illness, and culture via environmental, social, and cultural factors.

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15
Q

Who is Paul Farmer and what did he do?

A

Worked in Haiti to address TB/cholera, considering historical/social/political context.

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16
Q

What is Holism in anthropology?

A

Understanding all aspects of human life as interconnected.

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17
Q

What are the four major subfields of anthropology?

A
  • Cultural anthropology
  • Biological anthropology
  • Linguistic anthropology
  • Archaeology
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18
Q

Define Cultural Relativism.

A

Understanding beliefs/practices from their cultural perspective without judgment.

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19
Q

Define Ethnocentrism.

A

Viewing one’s culture as superior and using it to judge others.

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20
Q

What is the role of comparison in anthropology?

A

Compares humans, societies, ideas, practices, and systems within and between cultures.

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21
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

A key method in cultural anthropology involving participant-observation.

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22
Q

What is the inductive method in ethnography?

A

Starts broad and narrows to specific questions.

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23
Q

What are some ethical dilemmas faced in anthropology?

A
  • Harm to participants
  • Privacy issues
  • Competing interests
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24
Q

Who is Anthony Kwame Harrison?

A

An anthropologist who focuses on race and popular music.

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25
What was Harrison's initial research interest?
Symbolic art and folklore in West Africa.
26
What does Harrison's work explore?
The complexities of race through culture, recreation, and education.
27
What is the significance of anthropology in understanding race?
It uncovers cultural dimensions of race and challenges conventional beliefs.
28
What does Harrison value about anthropology now?
Its ability to uncover what is taken for granted.
29
What is the importance of participant observation in fieldwork?
It allows anthropologists to immerse themselves in the culture they study.
30
What are the two types of data in cultural anthropology?
* Emic (insider) * Etic (outsider)
31
What is the 'thick description' concept?
Combining behavior with its interpretation to understand cultures.
32
What is the role of rapport in ethnographic research?
Building trust and comfort between ethnographer and informants.
33
What does reflexivity mean in anthropology?
Ethnographers reflect on how their experiences affect their research.
34
What anatomical changes occurred with the emergence of language?
Changes in skull, mouth, and throat anatomy due to bipedalism.
35
What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas responsible for?
Broca’s area is for speech production; Wernicke’s area is for language comprehension.
36
What is Chomsky's Universal Grammar (UG)?
The theory that children are genetically programmed to acquire language.
37
What is the Critical Age Range Hypothesis?
Language deprivation past puberty hinders natural language acquisition.
38
What is the Gesture Call System?
A form of communication used by great apes, influencing human language development.
39
Define Kinesics.
The study of human body language.
40
What does Proxemics study?
Personal space during interactions.
41
What is Paralanguage?
Speech characteristics that convey emotional meaning.
42
What does Linguistic Relativity suggest?
Language shapes how speakers think, influencing culture and cognition.
43
What is the significance of vocabulary in language?
It reflects important aspects of culture.
44
What does the term 'Linguistic Relativity' refer to?
Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis that language shapes how speakers think, influencing culture and cognition. ## Footnote This concept suggests that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview and cognition.
45
How does vocabulary reflect culture?
Language reflects important aspects of culture through specialized vocabularies. ## Footnote An example is the detailed fish terminology used in Oceania.
46
What is the significance of the metaphor 'ARGUMENT IS WAR' in American culture?
It illustrates how metaphors shape cultural views and conflict resolution. ## Footnote Lakoff suggests alternative metaphors like 'ARGUMENT IS DANCE' to show variations in conflict resolution.
47
What role does language play in identity?
Speech reflects identity, influenced by location, ethnicity, and gender. ## Footnote This can manifest in dialects and speech patterns that indicate social class.
48
What are the linguistic features of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)?
Phonological features such as dropped /r/ and the use of /d/ for 'th'. ## Footnote AAVE has developed from a pidgin spoken by enslaved Africans.
49
True or False: AAVE is often stigmatized and associated with negative attitudes toward its speakers.
True. ## Footnote Despite its cultural significance, AAVE is frequently viewed negatively.
50
What are the four primary subsistence systems?
* Foraging * Horticulture * Pastoralism * Agriculture ## Footnote These systems are essential for understanding how societies acquire food and resources.
51
What characterizes foraging as a subsistence strategy?
It is the oldest strategy involving hunting, gathering, and fishing, typically practiced by small, mobile, and egalitarian groups.
52
What is pastoralism?
A reliance on domesticated animals for food, labor, and trade, often practiced in arid regions with varying mobility.
53
What defines state-level political organization?
Centralized governance with legal institutions and military force; can be democratic, monarchical, or authoritarian.
54
What is the difference between 'status' and 'role' in family dynamics?
'Status' is a culturally defined position, while 'role' refers to expected behaviors in families. ## Footnote These concepts, introduced by Ralph Linton, change over time.
55
Fill in the blank: Kinship systems can be ________ or ________.
unilineal; bilateral.
56
What are the two types of polygamy?
* Polygyny (one man, multiple wives) * Polyandry (one woman, multiple husbands)
57
What does the term 'ethnoscape' refer to?
The movement of people across borders.
58
True or False: Globalization has a uniform impact on wealthy and developing countries.
False. ## Footnote Globalization affects lifestyles and consumption differently in wealthy versus developing countries.
59
What challenges are associated with the commercialization of quinoa in Bolivia?
Quinoa is increasingly sold globally, threatening local diets and environmental sustainability.
60
What does 'glocalization' mean?
Adapting global ideas locally.
61
What is the focus of feminist anthropology?
Challenging male-centric views and studying matriarchal versus patriarchal societies.
62
How does Deborah Tannen characterize gendered speech?
Women tend to use cooperative speech, while men often employ competitive speech styles.
63
What is the role of kinship diagrams?
To visualize family connections, indicating relationships with symbols.
64
What defines a matrilineal society?
Lineage is traced through the mother's side, although men may still hold significant power.
65
What does the term 'commodity chain' refer to?
The steps from production to sale of a product.
66
What is the significance of the 'one-drop rule' in the United States?
It links racial identity to historical context of slavery.
67
What does the term 'financescape' refer to?
The flow of money across borders.
68
What is the importance of kinship in defining family ties?
Kinship can include both biological (consanguineal) and marital (affinal) connections and can also encompass chosen kin.

Mike: ANTH 121 (4 decks)

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