Lecture notes

Question 1

What is the general objective of psychology?

Answer 1

Explain psychological principles and main psychological processes which allow understanding human behavior.

Question 2

What are the main historical roots of psychology?

Answer 2

Philosophy and medicine in ancient Egypt, Greece, India, and Rome.

Question 3

Who is considered the father of medicine?

Answer 3

Hippocrates (460-377 BCE).

Question 4

What term did Edward Titchener coin?

Answer 4

Structuralism.

Question 5

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s primary goal in psychology?

Answer 5

To study conscious processes of the mind and the body.

Question 6

What method did Wundt and Titchener use to investigate mental processes?

Answer 6

Introspection.

Question 7

Who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology?

Answer 7

Margaret Washburn (1871-1939).

Question 8

What does Gestalt psychology emphasize?

Answer 8

How the mind organizes sensory stimuli to produce the perception of a whole form.

Question 9

What is functionalism in psychology?

Answer 9

A perspective concerned with how behavior helps people adapt to their environment.

Question 10

Who introduced experimental psychology to U.S. college students?

Answer 10

William James (1842-1910).

Question 11

What theory did William James propose regarding emotions?

Answer 11

The James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 12

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in his psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 12

The influence of unconscious desires and conflicts on behavior.

Question 13

What is the process called where patients express any thought that comes to mind?

Answer 13

Free association.

Question 14

What is behaviorism?

Answer 14

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable responses and behavior.

Question 15

Who is a major proponent of behaviorism?

Answer 15

John Broadus Watson (1878-1958).

Question 16

What did Ivan Pavlov study that influenced behaviorism?

Answer 16

Digestion in dogs, specifically salivation.

Question 17

What is reinforcement in behaviorism?

Answer 17

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Question 18

What did B.F. Skinner add to Watson’s behaviorism?

Answer 18

The dimension of consequences.

Question 19

What criticism arose against behaviorism in the 1960s?

Answer 19

It could not adequately study feelings and thoughts.

Question 20

What approach gained popularity due to dissatisfaction with behaviorism?

Answer 20

Humanism.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The first psychology laboratory was established by _______ in 1879.

Answer 21

[Wilhelm Wundt].

Question 22

True or False: Freud’s theories focused primarily on conscious mental processes.

Answer 22

False.

Question 23

What is the main criticism of behaviorism?

Answer 23

Thoughts could not easily be reduced to stimuli and responses.

Question 24

What approach toward treatment gained interest due to discontent with behaviorism in the 1960s?

Answer 24

Humanism

Question 25

Who are two well-known humanists mentioned in the text?

Answer 25

* Abraham Maslow * Carl Rogers

Question 26

What area of psychology focuses on conscious mental processes?

Answer 26

Cognitive psychology

Question 27

What is the goal of positive psychology?

Answer 27

To enable individuals, families, and communities to thrive.

Question 28

What does the word 'psychology' derive from?

Answer 28

'Psyche' (mind, soul or spirit) and 'logos' (knowledge, discourse or study)

Question 29

When is the emergence of psychology as a separate discipline generally dated?

Answer 29

1879

Question 30

What is the definition of psychology?

Answer 30

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 31

What are the main goals of psychology?

Answer 31

* Describe behavior * Predict behavior * Explain behavior * Control or change behavior

Question 32

What does the biological perspective in psychology emphasize?

Answer 32

The relationships between the activity of the nervous system and behavior/mental processes.

Question 33

True or False: The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious mental processes.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What does the cognitive perspective focus on?

Answer 34

How mental processes influence behavior.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The _______ perspective emphasizes learning through rewards and punishments.

Answer 35

Behavioral

Question 36

What does the sociocultural perspective focus on?

Answer 36

Societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior.

Question 37

What does the humanistic perspective emphasize?

Answer 37

Individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions.

Question 38

What is the eclectic perspective in psychology?

Answer 38

Integrates and combines several perspectives to provide a more complete picture of behavior.

Question 39

What does social psychology study?

Answer 39

The behavior of individuals as members of a group or society.

Question 40

What is clinical psychology concerned with?

Answer 40

The causes and cures of various abnormalities considered as mental illness.

Question 41

What does developmental psychology study?

Answer 41

Developmental processes involved in human physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes.

Question 42

What does health psychology deal with?

Answer 42

Ways to improve individuals' health by changing behaviors.

Question 43

What is the focus of forensic psychology?

Answer 43

Mental health issues within the context of the legal system.

Question 44

What is a key requirement for scientifically useful measures in psychology?

Answer 44

Reliability and validity

Question 45

What are predictive hypotheses tested by?

Answer 45

Naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and correlational studies.

Question 46

What is the purpose of ethical guidelines in psychological research?

Answer 46

To ensure the protection of participants and the integrity of the research.

Question 47

What must participants have the right to in psychological research?

Answer 47

* Expect protection from harm * Give informed consent * Confidentiality of data * Explanations for any necessary deception