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Biology 102 > Lecture Notes: Circulation and Gas Exchange in Mammals > Flashcards

Lecture Notes: Circulation and Gas Exchange in Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of circulatory system of mammals

A
  • fully divided ventricle, four-chambered heart
  • double circulation, pulmonary and systemic circuit
  • same in birds and crocodiles
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2
Q

advantages of closed circulatory systems

A
  • gas exchange maximized
  • full seperation of oxygen rich and poor blood
  • arterial and venous circuits work at different pressures
  • arterial blood receives the highest oxygen content
  • ability to maintain higher blood pressure to sustain energetically expensive tissues
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3
Q

right atrium

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
  • pumps blood to right ventricle past the tricuspid valve
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4
Q

right ventricle

A
  • send blood to the pulmonary circuit via pulmonary trunk (carries deoxygenated blood)
  • back flow is prevented by pulmonary semilunar valve
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5
Q

left atrium

A
  • receives blood from the pulmonary veins (carry oxygenated blood)
  • sends oxygenated blood to the left ventricle past the bicuspid valve
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6
Q

left ventricle

A
  • sends oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit via aortic arch
  • aortic semilunar valve prevents the back flow
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7
Q

layers of the wall of the heart

A

endocardium- connective + epithelial (protection)

myocardium- cardiac muscle (contraction)

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8
Q

pericardium

A
  • protection and support

- fibrous layer (outer), then serous layer ( parietal and visceral)

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9
Q

parietal

A

fused to fibrous layer

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10
Q

visceral

A

aka epicardium adheres to the hearts surface

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11
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between the parietal and visceral

pericardial fluid reduces friction

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12
Q

coronary arteries

A

openings below the aortic semilunar valve

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13
Q

blood supply to the heart

A

coronary arteries

coronary veins..coronary sinus..right atrium

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14
Q

control of heartbeat

A
  • cardiac muscle fibers are joined by intercalated disks
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • atrioventricular (AV) node
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15
Q

intercalated disks

A
  • gap junctions that spread action potentials

- desmosomes that reinforce the connections between fibers

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16
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • acts as a pacemaker, maintains self rhythm

- near where superior vena cava enters the right atrium

17
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • transmits the action potential from the atria to ventricles via bundle of His.
  • bundle branches left and right to purkinje fibers
  • impulses are delayed…atria contract first; empty before ventricles contract
18
Q

arteries

A
  • composed of collagen, provides support for high blood pressure
  • elastic fibers store energy from blood pressure
  • recoil during diastole
  • smoother blood flow
  • smooth muscle vasodilation and vasoconstriction control direction and pressure of blood
19
Q

veins- how does blood travel against gravity?

A
  1. veins in between muscles, muscles squeeze

2. one-way valves, preventing backflow

20
Q

capillaries

A
  • connect arterioles to venules
  • small diameter, RBC pass in single line
  • walls (single layer of endothelial cells) are permeable to water, lipid-soluable and small molecules
  • some with intercellular clefts
  • some fenestrated
  • some very selective, some not
21
Q

arteriole side of capillary

A

-blood pressure > osmotic pressure

fluid exits

22
Q

venule side of capillary

A

-blood pressure < osmotic pressure

fluid enters

23
Q

lymphatic tissue

A

loss of fluid at capillaries returned to blood by the lymphatic system

  1. diffusion of fluid into lymph capillaries
  2. formation of lymph
  3. drainage of lymph into circulation from thoracic duct at left brachiocephalic vein
24
Q

regulation of blood flow

A
  1. pre capillary sphincters (smooth muscle) control flow from arterioles to capillary beds
  2. low [oxygen], high [carbon dioxide] or [metabolic products] causes smooth muscle to relax
25
Q

blood

A
  • connective tissue
  • plasma (extracellular matrix)
  • cellular elements (hematocrit: fracked cell volume)
26
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • transport respiratory gases through hemoglobin
  • anucleated and biconcave, increases area
  • flexible
  • production in bone marrow controlled by erythroprotein
  • stored and recycled in the spleen
27
Q

erythroprotein

A

released in kidney in response to hypoxia (low oxygen levels)

28
Q

leukocytes

A
  • immune response

- can move out of capillaries and into extracellular fluid—amoeboid

29
Q

platelets

A
  • a-nucleated cytoplasmic bodies with cytoskeletal elements, enzymes and some organelles
  • promote blood clotting and formation of platelet plug

Biology 102 (16 decks)

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