Lecture Notes Final Review

Question 1

How did the Truman show relate to new urbanism

Answer 1

Through the set. The wife of the director went to Seaside Florida. The new community that was a form of new urbanism and they used it as set for the show

Question 2

New urbanism is a reaction to what

Answer 2

Suburbia

Question 3

What to terms did Peter Calthorpe coin?

Answer 3

Smart growth and new urbanism

Question 4

What is walkscore

Answer 4

Tells you the walk ability of the neighborhood

Question 5

Why do we need to change to new urbanism or smart growth

Answer 5

Because everything is related. it will decrease the carbon impact and decrease the cost of human health as well as agricultural land-use, less emissions, less energy consumption etc. Not everyone is in favor of new urbanism there are a few people who still want to live the American dream in the suburbs

Question 6

What are some features of new urbanism

Answer 6

It is the neotraditional design. We move back to integration of land uses. Show picket fences, low fences, everything is close together, walking lanes, narrow roads, porches, pastel tones. The city is in a grid pattern with center green spaces. There are also lampposts and cobbled streets.

Question 7

There are two types of new urbanism what are they

Answer 7

One – West Coast version. It is transit oriented. There is emphasis on reduced auto dependency. Peter Calthorte is a big promoter of this.
Two – east coast version. It is historicist oriented. Seaside Florida is an example of this. The Disney creation is another example. The architects are A duaney and E plater-zyberk.

Question 8

What is the neighborhood Edmunton that is an example of new urbanism

Answer 8

Terwilleger. Except that it is in the suburbs so it’s kind new urbanism but in suburbia, so the design features are there but because it’s out of town isn’t really true urbanism.

Question 9

What way do sustainable cities require integration

Answer 9

In land-use and therefore transportation. In density which should bring with it diversity. Integrating nature into the built city. In culture. Integration of recreation amongst businesses

Question 10

According to M Rosland what to we need to do in order to get sustainable communities?

Answer 10

We need to get scale right. We need to start at local community level. Even to the Neighborhood scale. This is good because you get local involvement in decision-making. It is the bottom-up approach to local planning. There is always potential for NIMBYism.

Question 11

In order to build sustainable urbanism what are a few things that we need to recognize

Answer 11

That cities can act as black holes with regard to resource consumption. Everything within the suite is from somewhere else so there are a lot of resources going in. But we need to change this. Cities could be a source of environmental solutions. There is opportunity in cities to improve the environment, social, economic conditions.

Question 12

What are some examples of sustainable New Urbanism community developments (At the local scale)

Answer 12

New urbanism form, Backplanes and laneway housing, live work zoning, greenways, transit hubs.

Question 13

What are some aspects of homelessness in Canada

Answer 13

First of all this is a complex matter. It is a visible expression of extreme poverty and social inequality. There are multiple pathways to homelessness such as unemployment, family problems, addiction, physical problems, economic problems. There is severe stereotyping related to homelessness. This is a growing urban problem, Even during times of economic boom.

Question 14

What is the United Nations definition of homeless. There are two Types of homelessness.

Answer 14

There are two definitions, absolute homelessness is when a person has no place to call home and sleeps outside or in a temporary shelter or emergency shelter. Relative homelessness is when a person has access to shelter but it is Substandard. Or if they are at risk of losing their home.

Question 15

Why is homelessness a continuum.

Answer 15

Because people may go through periods of homelessness in varying degrees throughout their life. They may get out of work and then lose their home and couch surf for a while, then work again, then develop addiction And lose it etc. Homelessness can be affected by housing affordability, government housing programs, employment opportunity.

Question 16

What are two causes of homelessness

Answer 16

Human or individual causes. (Failing of the individual to addiction, disability, mental illness). Structural causes. Feelings of capitalist housing markets, gentrification, failed labor markets, limited affordable rental housing. We often think of the individual causes but really it’s important to integrate these two when we think about homelessness.

Question 17

In Calgary about what percent of foamless people are males? What percent are children under 18 years?

Answer 17

78% are male. 11% are children. Only 5% of homeless people actually Panhandle.

Question 18

About how many homeless people are in Canada according to federal estimates? How many do Some nongovernmental sources estimate? What is the estimated number of young people who are homeless or living in homeless shelters?

Answer 18

Federal estimate – 150,000. Nongovernmental estimates – 200 to 300,000. Young people estimate – 65,000 people

Question 19

When defining homelessness, what are two important facets that we need to consider.

Answer 19

The specific housing situation and the deaeration or frequency of homeless episodes

Question 20

What is hidden or concealed homelessness

Answer 20

People without a place of their own Livona car, with family or friends, were no long-term institution.

Question 21

What is chronic, cyclical, temporary homelessness

Answer 21

Chronic homelessness – long-term or repeated homelessness. I.e. people who have chronic illness or addictions. Cyclical homelessness – results from a change in circumstance i.e. they get released from an institution. Temporary homelessness – relatively short duration i.e. caused by natural disasters Or housefire.

Question 22

How do urban areas change the flow of water

Answer 22

Water is redirected, the run somewhere that wouldn’t normally run. It doesn’t infiltrate the ground like it normally would. Impacts are that there can be flooding, and surplus of water on a surface where it was before

Question 23

What is stormwater? Why does it matter in cities?

Answer 23

It is water that originates from storms like rain or sometimes snowmelt. It is produced because of them. It’s a problem because it picks up pollutants as it goes across concrete which can get into the hydrological cycle. Also can cause flooding because of impermeable surfaces. A Problem can be an overloading of the sewer system it’s connected to the storm system. Also causes soil erosion and sedimentation.

Question 24

Why are planners important to manage water in cities.

Answer 24

They need to make buildings and urban designs innovative to handle water differently than in the past. It’s important to educate people to change former ideologies. We need to improve both the flow and cleaning of water.

Question 25

What's the hydroillogical cycle. It's kind of a joke.

Answer 25

We go through periods where we don't really think about water then there's draught and we become aware of it, we get concerned and panic then there is a climatic event that returns the water.

Question 26

How does urbanization change water flow

Answer 26

It increases surface flow, decreases interflow/baseflow, less interception, less transpiration. Also, when there's a storm and urbanized area will have Will have a much greater Volume of surface flow, But also the surface flow comes sooner after a storm. As opposed to an undeveloped area

Question 27

How Has our view of stormwater changed since the 1990s. What was the place we talked about in class as an example of this

Answer 27

Before 1990 water was seen as problematic. The way around it was to get rid of it. The objective was to provide drainage away from development and to control flood flows. They did this by building channels, pipes, coverts. Now rather than trying to get rid of water we want to try and keep it on site. We try to do this by using storm clothes, enhanced infiltration, streams, protect natural drainage channels, or swales. The example we talked about was the restoration of Hastings Park Vancouver

Question 28

How has food production changed throughout history

Answer 28

Before rural activity was close to settlement. Food was made just outside the city wall. The distance between gathering and consuming food was very short. As settlement is spread out and urban industrialization has occurred, agriculture has been pushed away from cities. Now the transportation industry has developed and we transport food over large distances. There are benefits i.e. we can buy any type of food anytime of the year, but there are large ecological footprints too. Food security means changing how we currently do things.

Question 29

What is the Green Revolution just after World War II time

Answer 29

Wartime technology developed chemicals that allowed food production to increase greatly without increasing land area. It seemed like a good thing but this put a lot of demand on the soil and land. There grew a dependency to keep crop production high, Which isn't good.

Question 30

What is Frankenfood

Answer 30

Chemically altered food.

Question 31

What are some ways we can improve urban food security.

Answer 31

Rooftop gardens (Reduce stormwater and utilize urban heat island effect), greenhouses, composting, back and front yard garden. Permaculture (You have a mix of vegetation on your property like trees, fruit, vegetables, a blend of produce that is producing year-round). Alternative food distribution, food share (Make food on one location and trade or share with other areas). Farmers markets (Brings buyer directly to producer). Community kitchen ( 8 to 10 people come and cook together then share)

Question 32

What are some goals of the organics movement

Answer 32

Increase proximity, about 2000 km from where food is made to where it is eaten. Lower chemical inputs. Fair labor standards. Increase Food awareness. Improve quality of product.

Question 33

What are some benefits of cycling

Answer 33

Get exercise, improve health, lower carbon emissions, enjoyment, takes up less space on the road and less parking space And cost reduction ( leaves more room for green space etc.), cost-efficient For users, reliable, less wear on infrastructure. There is a bike economy. Less congestion, Road safety savings.

Question 34

What are some specific benefits of congestion reduction in Ontario

Answer 34

After considering the economic cost of having people and goods delayed in traffic, their vehicle operating costs, stress and air pollution, Congestion costs in Ontario were estimated to be 6.4 billion annually. At Victoria's 4.8% national bike usage they have $143 million benefit

Question 35

We looked at the graph comparing annual vehicle km's and percent nonmotorized commuter trips. What did we find

Answer 35

The more nonmotorized commute trips made, the less annual vehicle km's. Eastern and Western European countries had Low vehicle kilometers and higher nonmotorized commute trips. North American cities had higher vehicle kilometers and less nonmotorized commuter trips

Question 36

Tell me more about specific roadway cost savings Because of biking

Answer 36

After considering costs of adding new road capacity, maintaining roads, subsidizing roads for drivers, and the fact that a roadway can carry 7 to 12 times as many people by bicycle compared to automobile, Victoria at 4.5% national bike usage saved $90 million.

Question 37

What are specific benefits of biking with regard to go safety savings.

Answer 37

After considering the economic costs of collations, medical expenses, the Acole and property damage, pain and suffering, loss of life, These costs were estimated to be 10.5 billion 1998 in Canada. Victoria at their 4.5% national bike usage saved hundred 180 million

Question 38

Why is road safety so much greater for cyclists

Answer 38

Cyclists and pedestrians are much less likely to injure other road users. Increase number of cyclists on the road decreases the risk of cycling because there are safety in numbers. We looked at a graph that shows as the percent of trips by a motor vehicle increases the number of fatalities also increases, And the more nonmotorized commute trips the less fatality.

Question 39

What are the specific user savings of cycling

Answer 39

Cost of owning and operating the car is about $9500 per year according to the Canadian automobile Association. Vancouver with their 4.5% saved about $1 million.

Question 40

What are specific benefits for biking with regard to parking costs?

Answer 40

After considering the cost of underground and surface Parking stalls for cost of the land, construction and operating, Cost of subsidizing parking spaces for communicators And shoppers, The fact that making a parking space for a bicycle is 5% of the cost of making a parking space for a car. Victoria at 4.5% saved $1 million

Question 41

What are some other economic benefits.

Answer 41

Reduction in error, noise, water pollution. Bike sales income and jobs, cycle tourism (Big in Québec), Workplace benefits (Reduced fatigue, improved moral), Physical health. I 1% increase in physical commute In Canada Would save 62 million per year.

Question 42

What are some preferred design features for cycling

Answer 42

Separated Roots, separated road space, places for bike repair and air pumps, Road space priority, bike box at intersections in the green paint.

Question 43

There are a lot of bike routes in Toronto, but what's the problem

Answer 43

There is a lot of fragmentation. All of the routes aren't connected to each other. That is a problem here too that we need to fix

Question 44

What percent of people walk, bike, Use car, are active in Saskatoon?

Answer 44

5.8% walk, 2.5% bike, so 8.3% are active, 86.3% use car, 4.1% use transit. Amsterdam and Munich are two cities that have really high percentages of active transportation usage.

Question 45

Is there a demand for cycling in Canada

Answer 45

Two in three people would like to bike more often. 70% of Canadians say they would like to work if there were dedicated biplanes and if it took less than 30 minutes. 82% of Canadians support governments that spend money on bike lanes and paths. 84% of Canadians live within 30 minute cycle of a destination ( Shopping, leisure, friends, school, work)

Question 46

How much money does the city of Saskatoon have budgeted for bike networks, signs etc.

Answer 46

It used to be 0.1 5 million but this year it went up to 0.5

Question 47

What's the relationship between runoff rate, infiltration, overland flow.

Answer 47

If the infiltration, (which is dependent upon soil texture, soil moisture, vegetation cover) is equal to precipitation then there is a balance. If infiltration is less than the precipitation we receive, then there is overland flow. This is accelerated because of urbanization. Runoff is dependent upon infiltration and precipitation. We watched the video about LA

Question 48

With regard to sustainability what is increasing

Answer 48

Demands on resources to support high-quality life. Since 1950 population is 2x. Volume of fish caught and meet produced is 5X. Goods and services produced is 7X. Oil consumed is 7x.

Question 49

With regard to sustainability, what is decreasing

Answer 49

The availability of resources and ecological capacity. 15% of forest species extinct by 2025. 20% of humans live in water scarcity. 25% of topsoil lost in 100 years. 35% of forests lost in 100 years. 50% fully exploited fish stocks. 200 Ocean dead zones

Question 50

Even if we can't agree upon how quickly resources are being depleted or how quickly consumption is increasing, what can we agree on?

Answer 50

But eventually the two slopes will intersect and supply will not be able To keep up with demand.

Question 51

According to this lady, what is sustainability then?

Answer 51

Through innovation and creativity finding a balance between resources And demand. It isn't about going without, but how can we use resources less or how can we allow them to recover.

Question 52

What are the four basic principles or conditions that must be met in order to achieve sustainability

Answer 52

One – we cannot take more from the earth's crust that is redeposited by natural processes. Two – we cannot emit more waste products than nature can process. Three – we cannot undermine nature's ability to maintain its productive capacity. Four – human needs must be met worldwide

Question 53

Who is expected to be an example in sustainability

Answer 53

The University. The university should address all of the great issues of our time, including sustainability

Question 54

What buildings of university have the new sustainable green design

Answer 54

The law addition, health sciences addition, planned first Nations Student Ctr., Murray building with learning Center

Question 55

What is the University's goal for reducing carbon emissions

Answer 55

Reduce emissions by 20% by 2020

Question 56

Where and how university reduced Water consumption

Answer 56

In the education building by changing toilets and urinals

Question 57

University did a study on solid waste. What did they find

Answer 57

That almost 50% of the waste was compostable

Question 58

How is adequate and affordable housing a precursor to good Urban life outcomes such as education, employment, health, income?

Answer 58

It provides stability in terms of housing, Displacement causes instability. It's difficult to get a job if you don't have an address.

Question 59

What role does posing play in improving environmental issues like climate change, natural system degradation, nonrenewable energy use?

Answer 59

Bigger houses and freestanding homes waste more energy. Renewable resources like solar energy and geothermal could be used to power homes rather than nonrenewables. Greenfield development uses up wetland ecosystems. TOD neighborhoods could help with issues like climate change by reducing carbon emissions.

Question 60

What can municipal authorities and civic organizations do to attract and retain youth in their cities

Answer 60

Provide jobs for them and effective transportation. Increased safety and security and affordable living. Build actual features like parks. Engage them in civic issues. Encourage cultural development through the arts. Increase educational institutions.

Question 61

What would an all ages friendly city look like?

Answer 61

Make transit able to support all ages, including strollers in wheelchairs. Build old folks homes in downtown accessible areas. Family dwellings their downtown too. Have multiuse parks for people to run/walk/bike. Have community gardens And centers.

Question 62

What is a dead zone

Answer 62

The place near the shore that has been infiltrated by nitrogen. Oxygen is no longer there so they become Barren.

Question 63

What is a restrictive covenant

Answer 63

We talked about this in relation to grocery stores. When one grocery store it leaves no grocery store as allowed to come in and replace it for 20 years. We watched a video about it. Contributes to the food desert problem.

Question 64

What is a food desert

Answer 64

The place were people don't have access to healthy food at a reasonable price. Often poor people live in food deserts. Even if a wealthy person lives in a food desert they have resources like a car to get to places to buy good food. So two people who live in the same area could have different outcomes and health depending on their access to resources like a car.

Question 65

There is big push right now for planners to build sustainable communities. What is needed in order to have a sustainable community

Answer 65

Safe water supply. Adequate vegetation cover. High-quality soils for food production. Sustainable environments For wildlife. Maintain regional food production. Create an urban environment on human scale.

Question 66

The body requires a certain number of calories. Anything above that accumulates in the body. Although it depends on lifestyle, How many calories do males and females need

Answer 66

Males need 3000 cal. Females need 2100.

Question 67

Someone who is obese has a body mass index of what

Answer 67

30 or above.

Question 68

In the US what is the expected obesity rate and adults by 2008? What will the obesity rate the four children?

Answer 68

8% of children will be obese. 40% of adults.

Question 69

What age groups are going more obese? What contributes to this change?

Answer 69

All age groups. Changes in diet like fast food, type of work as in it's less physical, Increased screen time, More time spent in vehicles all contribute to the problem Of obesity.

Question 70

What percent of men and what percent of women were either overweight or obese in 2004 in Canada?

Answer 70

65% of men and 53% of women.

Question 71

What provinces are Most obese in Canada?

Answer 71

Northwest Territories and Nunavut.

Question 72

What states are the most obese in the south?

Answer 72

Southern states like Tennessee, Arkansas, Indiana, Louisiana. But the most obese state is Mississippi. Almost 30% of people are obese. Perhaps caused by their food (fried). Culture also affects this. Maybe poverty.

Question 73

How does sprawl relate to physical activity

Answer 73

The more you get away from a dense city the less activity there is in the city. So, the more sprawl the less activity and greater obesity. Less density equals less activity.

Question 74

When we looked at the 1 mile walk Map, which type of neighborhoods Allows people to walk further?

Answer 74

Grid layout plans Allowed people to get farther in 1 mile Then curvilinear neighborhoods.

Question 75

What percentage of Saskatoon's population lives within walking distance of a supermarket and what percentage lives within walking distance of a fast food outlet

Answer 75

75% live within walking distance of the fast food outlet and 45% within walking distance of the supermarket

Question 76

What were two places we looked at Saskatoon or examples of food deserts

Answer 76

Caswell Hill and Arborcreek. They both had poor access to food, but aargh arborcreek is high income so they can access food and other areas, so it is not a food desert. but Caswell Hill is low income And has low access to food so it is a food desert.

Question 77

What is WHO

Answer 77

The program directed at improving urban health at a local level And coping with the adverse effects of an urban environment on health.

Question 78

Class discussion problem one: public perception of living in high density areas. People still want to live the American dream. How do we change this?

Answer 78

Increase community safety Like better lighting, slower traffic, neighborhood watch. Provide services and affordable housing. Improved transit and walk ability. Make green spaces And amenities for families like playgrounds or downtown schools. Maybe tax incentives.

Question 79

Class discussion problem two: How can we improve densification?

Answer 79

Laneway housing, greyfield development, more complex bike (Or maybe hybrid with bus transit) and pedestrian routes. Wider sidewalks. Build multiuse dwellings and implement grid city pattern. Build up rather than out. Have stores on street-level and living spaces above.

Question 80

Class discussion problem three: transportation infrastructure is poor. Number of cars per household is high. There are poor transit options for those without cars. Road maintenance is expensive. Inadequate bicycle infrastructure.

Answer 80

Adjust land-use and community design to improve transit effectiveness. Change transit policy. Build nicer bus stations that are covered and heated and display arrival and departure information.

Question 81

Class discussion problem four: How can we improve the problem of water pollution and overconsumption as well as solid waste management.

Answer 81

Encourage recycling. Improve education programs in school systems. Composting in classrooms

Question 82

Class discussion problem five: how can we improve food security

Answer 82

Preserve farming lands and urban areas, encourage locally-based food production, demand local labeling for products made in Canada, promote seasonal eating habit, smaller and more diverse farms.

Question 83

When we watch the film urban Kniest we talked about postindustrial sites North American cities. What should be done with these sites? Do we destroy them or reinvent them?

Answer 83

These sites are artifacts and historical features that have cultural value and offer sense of place. We talked about the Highline in Manhattan that was turned into a walkway.

Question 84

What are some relics in the city were other Canadian cities and are they worth saving?

Answer 84

We talked about the First United Church in Saskatoon. It's having financial problems but members would like to preserve it. Another example is the old traffic bridge and Lethbridge Watertower. We also discussed Robert Moses New York Hwy. planner in the 1960s and Jane Jacobs to discuss relationship between physical space and social connectedness.

Question 85

What did we discuss about Phoenix Arizona when watching the video urbanized

Answer 85

It is a good example of post-World War II suburban pattern of living.

Question 86

When we watch the video urbanized what did we discuss about Detroit

Answer 86

The city went from 2 million people to 700,000. It was an industrial core but now the metropolitan area has declined greatly. There are vacant lot all over the place. There needs to be retrofitting and reuse of buildings. There needs to be small and large gardens made. There needs to be self organized urbanism and individual initiative. Cities compete for people and investment so how livable and sustainable they are affects their prosperity. It is probable that the same skill set of creativity, ingenuity, science and engineering could be used to rebuild Detroit.

Question 87

What is natural capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 87

It consists of the biophysical resources, living systems, and life support services of our planet. The examples they came up with were: Green spaces, community gardens, green roofs, natural resources, day lighting streams, lakes, rivers, streams, natural vegetation.

Question 88

What is Physical capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 88

It is the manufactured, or built material resources. The examples they had were: bridges (pedestrian,vehicle), transportation (public, bike lanes, walking paths), monuments/architecture, roads.

Question 89

What is Economic capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 89

Economic capital is not intrinsic, but derives from other types of capital (ie investments, shares, stocks). Examples group a came up with were: farmers markets, home based businesses, local services, tourism. Group b ideas: Peer to peer market, less government intervention, entrepreneurship, investment in local economy, capital retention in the community.

Question 90

What is human capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 90

It consists of health, knowledge, skills etc. that help to encourage physical, social, and economic well-being. The ideas that they came up with were: Art galleries, shakespear in saskatchewan, festivals (music, art), volunteering creative skills, using creative skills for businesses (ten tree, two twenty).

Question 91

What is social capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 91

It is relationships, networks, or institutions that cause collective action and the sharing of knowledge. Examples they came up with were: Libraries, art galleries, theatres, neighborhood organizations, religous organizations, community gardens, civil society groups (legion, rotaty club), YMCA, Wildlife federation, open door society.

Question 92

What is Cultural capital, and what are some examples the group shared?

Answer 92

It is the product of experiences from traditions, customs, heritage, and history. Examples they gave were: Urban art, churches, schools (catholic, french immersion), folk festival, taste of SK