Lecture Quiz #2 & Lab Quiz #3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of a prokaryote
A
one circular chromosome not in membrane; no histones; no organelles; peptidoglycan in cell wall if bacteria; binary fission
2
Q
Characteristics of a eukaryote
A
paired chromosomes in the nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharides cell walls; mitosis
3
Q
Most prokaryotic bacteria are what shape?
A
monomorphic
4
Q
What is another shape that only a few prokaryotes will have?
A
pleomorphic
5
Q
Bacillus shape
A
rod-shaped
6
Q
Coccus shape
A
spherical-shape
7
Q
Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete
A
spiral shaped
8
Q
What are some unusual shapes for bacteria ?
A
star-shaped & rectangular shaped
9
Q
What is the name for paired arrangements?
A
diplococci; diplobacilli
10
Q
what is the name for cluster arrangements ?
A
staphylococci
11
Q
what is the name for chain arrangements?
A
streptococci; streptobacilli
12
Q
what’s a histone?
A
proteins found in eukaryotic cells to wind up the DNA
13
Q
how do bacterial cells divide?
A
binary fission
14
Q
what is the meaning of prokaryote?
A
prenucleus
15
Q
what is the meaning of eukaryotic?
A
true cell
16
Q
draw a lophotrichous
A
slide #13
17
Q
what is the other name for a curved bacteria?
A
vibrio
18
Q
Give an example of a star shaped bacteria.
A
stellar
19
Q
give an example of a rectangular shaped bacteria.
A
haloarcula
20
Q
what does the term staphylo mean?
A
cluster
21
Q
what does the term strepto?
A
chains
22
Q
draw streptobacillus
A
chain of rods
23
Q
give an example of a spirochete
A
leptospira
24
Q
what is a basal body
A
0something that anchors the flagella to the plasma membrane
25
how many basal body does a gram negative bacteria have ?
0000000000000000000000000000000000.04
26
how many basal body does a gram positive have?
2
27
cell wall of bacteria is made up of what?
....peptidoglycan
28
the filament of flagella is made up of what protein chains?
flagellin
29
what is the role of flagella
motility
30
what is phototaxis?
movement of the bacteria towards or from the source of light
31
what is axial filament ? name the organisms its found in?
endoflagella; found in spirochetes
32
what is a slime layer
glycocalyx that is unorganized
33
what is a capsule
glycocalyx that is neatly organized
34
what is the role of capsule
prevent phagocytosis
35
what is glycocalyx made up of ?
polysaccharides
36
what is the purpose of having a cell wall
prevent osmotic lysis
37
what is the function of pili
motility; exchange of DNA
38
what is the function of fimbrae
attachment
39
which structure prevents the bacteria against phagocytosis
capsule
40
what is periplasm
layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative
41
what are the monomers of peptidoglycan
N-acetyglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic (NAM)
42
is peptidoglycan present in eukaryotic cell
.......no
43
what is periplasm
............layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative
44
what is LPS and where do you find them?
.......................lipopolysaccharides; outer membrane of gram negatives
45
what is H antigen ?
flagella
46
which type of bacteria has outer membrane?
gram negative
47
which type of bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer
gram positive
48
what is wall teichoic acid? where do you find them?
type of chemical found in the gram positive bacteria
49
name the counter stain used during gram staining?
safranin
50
name the mordant used during gram staining
iodine
51
what will be the outcome if you leave counter stain for too long during gram staining
colorless
52
what is the primary stain used during gram staining?
crystal violet
53
why do gram negative bacteria appear colorless after counter staining
because thy have thin cell walls
54
what is the color of gram positive bacteria under the microscope after gram staining
purple
55
give an example of differential staining
acid fast staining/gram staining
56
give an example of acid fast bacteria
mycobacterium
57
when do you use negative staining
staining capsule
58
sterols are found in the plasma membrane of ...
mycoplasma
59
which bacteria respond to acid fast staining
mycobacterium
60
name the waxy lipid found in the cell wall of acid fast bacteria
mycolic acid
61
name the primary stain used for endospore staining
malachite green
62
what are spheroplast
spherical gram negative when there is damage to the cell wall
63
what is plasmolysis
water leaves the cell
64
what are aquaporins
transporter protein that helps transport water
65
what is the function of ribosome
protein synthesis
66
name the inclusion that stores iron oxide
megnetosome
67
whats a plasmid
extra chromosomal independently replicating double stranded circular DNA
68
whats sporulation
endospore formation
69
give an example of bacteria that forms endospores
bacillus anthracis, clostridium
70
what are hyphae
fungi or mold that pathogenic
71
why are fungi called saprophytes
live off dead matter
72
peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria is linked by
polypeptides
73
gram positive is sensitive to what?
penicillin
74
Protoplast
spherical shape assumed by gram positive when cell wall is damaged
75
L forms
are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape
76
L forms
are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape
77
phosphate head is what
hydrophilic
78
two fatty acid tails are what
hydrophobic
79
selectively permeable
allows passage of some molecules
80
Types of transport across plasma membrane
passive & active
81
types of passive transport
- simple diffusion
| - facilitated diffusion: carrier mediated/channel mediated
82
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
83
facilitated diffusion
solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
84
what is an example of carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Glucose & Amino Acids
85
Osmosis
movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration to achieve equilibrium
86
what is an example of channel mediated facilitated diffusion
aquaporins
87
Active transport
requires a transporter protein and ATP
88
nucleoid
bacterial chromosome are free floating in the cytoplasm because of no nucleus
89
what does metachromatic granules do
phosphate reserves
90
what does polysaccharides granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules do
energy reserves
91
what does carboxysomes
fixes carbon dioxide in cells
92
what does magnetosomes do
destroys hydrogen peroxide
93
germination
return to vegetative state
94
symbiosis
evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms
95
yeast
reproduce through asexual process called budding
96
mycoses
fungal infections
97
mycelium
cottony; hairy; or velvety structure
98
what are the reproductive part of fungi
spores
99
beneficial impact of fungi
genetic studies; decomposers of dead plants
100
Hypha
mold filaments are long thin strands
101
Pseudohyphae
production of candida albicans a pathogenic yeast
102
flagella
for motility to swim
103
Brownian movement
when water molecules collide with the cells and make them move
104
taxonomy
the formal system for classifying and naming living things
105
4 kingdom system
- monera (Prokaryotic)
- Protista(e)
- fungi(e)
- Animalia(e)
106
levels of classification
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
107
Basic Dyes:
- Crystal violet
- Methylene blue
- Safranin
- Malachite green
- Basic fuchsin
108
wavelength - represented by the Greek letter lambda -λ
The length of a light ray is equal to the distance between two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs of a wave
109
resolving power
Ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together.
110
Resolving power of lenses:
- Scanning = 2.25µm
- Low = 0.90µm
- High = 0.35µm
- Oil = 0.18µm
111
immersion oil
has the same refraction as glass and prevents loss of light
112
Candida Albicans
identify: individual cells and pseudohyphae
113
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
identify: asexual reproduction structures like individual cells and budding
114
Rhizopus stolonifer
identify:
- hypha: fungal fillaments
- fungal body: collection of hyphae
- rhizoids: anchoring hyphae
115
Rhizopus stolonifer (asexual)
identify:
- sporangiophores
- sporangium (stem)
- sporangiospores
116
Rhizopus stolonifer (sexual)
identify:
- mating strands (+ and -)
- zygosporangium
- zygospores
117
Penicillium notatum
identify:
- condiophore
- condiospores
118
aspergillus niger
identify:
- condiophore
- condiospores
119
pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)
identify:
| -mature cyst
