Lecture: Scientists in the Immunology Field

Question 1

Discovered remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox & immunity to smallpox. He injected material from cowpox postules to the skin of person who had not smallpox. He called this procedure vaccination

Answer 1

Edward Jenner

Question 2

Accidently found out that older cultures would not cause a disease in chickens. He subsequently injected more virulent organisms & had no effect on birds previously exposed to older cultures. He called this process of making the organism avirulent, attenuation. In this manner, the first attenuated vaccines were discovered & later on he applied the principle of attenuation to the prevention of rabies.

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur

Question 3

Introduced the term phagocytosis after observing foreign objects in a transparent starfish larvae surrounded & destroyed by motile cells. He hypothesized that immunity to disease was based on the action of these scavenger cells.

Answer 3

Ellie Metchnikoff

Question 4

Developed diphtheria & tetanus antitoxins neutralizing diphtheria & tetanus toxins. Foundation of serotherapy.

Answer 4

Emil von Behring
Shisaburo Kitasato

Question 5

Demonstrated that for an antibody to lyse or destroy bacteria, a second thermolabile factor or series of nonspecific protein substance is found in normal human serum causes this phenomenon. He called this nonspecific substance, complement.

Answer 5

Jules Bordet

Question 6

Postulated the cellular origin of antibodies. He said that cells have side chain projections used not only for nutrition but also programmed to release a specific protein during an encounter with an antigen. He called this phenomenon key in lock interaction. He formulated the side chain theory of antibody formation

Answer 6

Paul Ehrlich

Question 7

Provided evidence that an immune response could be damaging as well as beneficial by showing anaphylaxis as immunologic reaction. They worked on ways of desentisizing animals to the sting of Actinaria, a jellyfish. They were trying to alleviate or suppress allergic of hypersensitivity reaction by injecting the same antigen at increasing doses, instead anaphylaxis developed after the second injection of the same antigen or same glycerin extract obtained from tentacles of the jellyfish.

Answer 7

Charles Richet
Paul Portier

Question 8

Linked the two theories by showing that humoral & cellular factors were involved in a normal immune response. He observed that humoral or circulating factors called opsonins coated bacteria rendering them susceptible to phagocytosis. This observation gave him the idea that serum factors were formed in response to exposure to foreign substances. He called these serum factors, antibodies.

Answer 8

Almont Wright

Question 9

In addition to his discovery of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, introduced the immune phenomenon he studied – that immunity could be transferred from one animal to the other by means of serum.

Answer 9

Clemens von Pirquet

Question 10

Formulated the genetic theory of tumor transplantation.

Answer 10

Clarence Little

Question 11

Developed the quantitative precipitin assay, ushering in the era of quantitative immunochemistry.

Answer 11

Michael Heidelberger

Question 12

Provided evidence for identity of the gene for blood group antigens with one gene for tumor resistance in mouse.

Answer 12

Peter Gorer

Question 13

Provided evidence that antibodies are gammaglobulins.

Answer 13

Arne Tiselius
Elvin Kabat

Question 14

Introduced fluorescence labeling of antibodies.

Answer 14

Albert Coons

Question 15

Introduced adjuvants

Answer 15

Jules Freund

Question 16

Used skin grafts to show that tolerance is acquired characteristics of the lymphoid cells – a key feature of clonal selection theory.

Answer 16

Peter Medawar

Question 17

Proposed the first generally accepted clonal selection hypothesis of adaptive immunity.

Answer 17

Frank MacFarlane Burnet

Question 18

Reported that dizygotic twin cattle, which were true chimeras, were immunologically tolerant of each other tissues and serum – description of tolerance (chimerism) in dizygotic cattle twins.

Answer 18

Ray Owen

Question 19

Worked out the genetics on murine MHC & generated the congenic strains needed for its biological analysis laying the groundwork for our current understanding of MHC in T cell biology.

Answer 19

George Snell

Question 20

Developed precipitin test in gels and the idiotypes.

Answer 20

Jacques Ouidin

Question 21

Discovered immunoglobulins as “transporteurs”.

Answer 21

Pierre Grabar

Question 22

Developed double immunodiffusion test in gels.

Answer 22

Ojran Ouchterlony
Stephen Elek

Question 23

Discovered plasma cells as antibody-producing cells

Answer 23

Astrud Fargaeus

Question 24

Provided experimental evidence of acquired immunologic tolerance

Answer 24

Milan Hasek

Question 25

An early pioneer in the study of the human major histocompatibility complex or HLA.

Answer 25

Jean Dausset

Question 26

Introduced radioimmunoassay

Answer 26

Rosalyn Yalow

Question 27

Made crucial discoveries about the structure of immunoglobulins, the first complete sequence of antibody molecule

Answer 27

Gerald Edelman

Question 28

Discovered IgE as reaginic antibody

Answer 28

Kimishige Ishizaka

Question 29

Discovered that bursa of Fabricius is responsible for generating the cells capable of manufacturing antibodies – B cells.

Answer 29

Noel Warmer

Question 30

Were interested in transplantation

Answer 30

E. Doumal Thomas Joseph Murray

Question 31

Discovered immune response genes and collaborated in the first demonstration of MHC restriction

Answer 31

Baruj Benacerraf

Question 32

Discovered that adaptive immunity is mediated by lymphocytes, focusing the attention of immunologists on these small cells

Answer 32

James Gowans

Question 33

Developed the hemolytic plaque assay and several important immunological theories, including an early version of clonal selection, a prediction that lymphocyte receptors would be inherently biased to MHC recognition, and the idiotype

Answer 33

Niels Jerne

Question 34

Pioneered monoclonal antibody production from hybrid antibody-forming cells with Cesar Milstein

Answer 34

George Kohler

Question 35

Pioneered monoclonal antibody production George Kohler

Answer 35

Cesar Milstein

Question 36

Worked out the polypeptide structure of an antibody molecule, layering the groundwork for its analysis by protein sequencing

Answer 36

Rodney Porter

Question 37

Discovered the somatic recombination of immunological receptor genes that underlies the generation of diversity in human and murine antibodies and T cells receptors

Answer 37

Susumo Tonegawa