Lecture Slides

Question 1

A _______ is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each ________ contains all of the info needed to build and maintain that organism.

Answer 1

Genome, genome

Question 2

In humans, a copy of the entire genome, more than 3 billion DNA base pairs, is contained in all ________ that have a nucleus.

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

How many feet of DNA strand are compacted in Cell?

Answer 3

6ft.

Question 4

______ reads DNA to make protien!

Answer 4

RNA

Question 5

When genes are tightly bound, it keeps them from being _______or read.

Answer 5

expressed

Question 6

So, DNA is _______ in all cells of an individual & _________ different across individuals (except identical twins).

Answer 6

same; different

Question 7

If DNA is ______ in all cells, why do we have different kinds of cells?
If identical twins have identical DNA, how do they end up _______?

Answer 7

identical; differing

Environment

Question 8

__________ is the study of: all the cases where the genetic code alone isn’t enough to describe what’s happening-there must be something else going on as well

Answer 8

Epigenetics; genes and DNA don’t define us completely

Question 9

Waddington’s (1948)The Epigenetic Landscape claims that there is no simple correspondence between ________&________. Rather, there is an interaction of genes with one another and with the ___________.
The marble on the hill: at the top________, and rolling downhill- increased, irreversible ___________.

Answer 9

Genes & outcome; with environment; undifferentiated cell; differentiation. (downward because cant roll back up! it’s also nature! hill represent SES, Family, and School etc.)

Question 10

“Marble Location: Top of the Hill”

Answer 10

Zygote

Question 11

The first stage of development- ________ can form every cell in body + placenta

Answer 11

totipotent

Question 12

Down the hill= _______

Answer 12

Blastocyst

Question 13

Cell differentiation begins: _________(Placenta) & ___________

Answer 13

Trophoblasts; inner cell mass

Question 14

Inner cell mass contains embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are ________ (Can form every cell in body except ________)

Answer 14

pluripotent; placenta

Question 15

Sperm contains ______ chromosomes and egg contains _____ chromosomes.

Answer 15

23; 23

Question 16

cells know what to do through ______________ based on their location.

Answer 16

chemical messaging

Question 17

Research has revealed ESCs can be maintained in ______ state so there is a hope for therapies. Differentiated cells can be _________________.
(e.g. a skin cell can “roll back uphill” to become a ________)

Answer 17

undifferentiated; reprogrammed back into stem cell; stem cell

Question 18

In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka inserted ____ genes into differentiated cells and they were reprogrammed (induced) to _________.

Answer 18

4; pluripotency

Question 19

What are the 4 inserted genes doing in the iPS cell research?

Answer 19

They’re undoing epigenetic Modification

Question 20

When you modify DNA you are altering whether or not a _________

Answer 20

gene is expressed

Question 21

What are the two major classes of epigenetic modifications?

Answer 21

DNA Methylation & Histone Acetylation

Question 22

What is DNA Methylation and what does it do?

Answer 22

Binds a methyl group to DNA (methyl sent down and attaches to DNA because of enzyme-external experiences). Begins a cascade of events that INTERFERE with gene expression. “SILENCING”

Question 23

What is Histone Acetylation and what does it do?

Answer 23

Binds acetyl group to histone (protein) and begins cascade of events that ENHANCE gene expression. (relaxes chromatin structure and unwinds, genes now available to be read or turned on.

Question 24

we still have the _____ genes but enzymes send different chemical groups that either turn on or off genes.

Answer 24

same

Question 25

Gene "Switched on"

Answer 25

Active (open) chromatin; unmethylated cytosines; acetylated histones

Question 26

Gene "Switched Off"

Answer 26

Silent (condensed) chromatin; Methylated cytosines; deacetylated histones

Question 27

DNA methylated =

Answer 27

OFF & TIGHT

Question 28

Acetylated Histones

Answer 28

ON & LOOSE (think loose ass)

Question 29

When you reprogram cells you move cells ______ in epigenetic landscape.

Answer 29

up

Question 30

In Takahashi & Yamanka study- the proteins expressed by inserted genes: _______ responsible for __________ and cell begins to ____________.

Answer 30

demethylate; pluripotency; dedifferentiate

Question 31

Takahashi and Yamanka research revealed that epigenetic markers _______ be removed.

Answer 31

could

Question 32

What are the long lasting effects of childhood trauma?

Answer 32

elevated cortisol levels in adults with traumatic childhoods

Question 33

In response to hippocampus: _______ releases ____ and arginine vaspressin, which stimulate _______ to release _______ which stimulates _______ to release ______ which circulate back to hippocampus and tells you to "calm down".

Answer 33

Hypothalamus; CRH; Pituitary; ACTH; Cortisol

Question 34

What are effects of excess cortisol to the body?

Answer 34

EVERYTHING

Question 35

Maternal behavior of rats ________ the genes expression; less nurtured rats have ______ marks hiding the genes.

Answer 35

sculpted; more

Question 36

RATS: offspring to low licking mothers have ______ cortisol. So its not the genes of the mother, its the ________ of the mother.

Answer 36

More; behavior

Question 37

In healthy cells, ther is a balance between activity of _________ genes and __________ suppressor genes.

Answer 37

oncogenic (switch off); Tumor (associated with prevention, switch on)

Question 38

Cells become cancerous thru 2 processes: ________ to these genes (difficult to treat without destroying tissue) and _________ to these genes (_____ of ______ suppressor genes= decreased activity leads to invasive cancer; treatment with drugs that inhibit ________ responsible for methylation)

Answer 38

mutations; with epigenetic modifications; methylation of tumor; enzymes

Question 39

Normal cell =

Answer 39

oncogene turned off & tummor-suppressor switched on!

Question 40

unmethylated agouti gene in rats = ____________ | and methylated agouti gene in rats = brown coat, normal weight

Answer 40

yellow coat; obese

Question 41

The epigenetic modifications of rats of the Agouti Gene were handed down to offspring but, _________ diet for pregnant yellow females = brown, healthy pups and _____ reduces________ of agouti but with diet of methyl rich + BPA food the pups are brown and healthy

Answer 41

methyl rich; BPA; methylation (tightens agouti gene so silences it)

Question 42

In the brains of mice induced to experience "chronic social defeat stress" the ___________ gene is silenced: indicating depression.

Answer 42

emotion processing

Question 43

with antidepressants there is evidence of histone acetylation, so the emotion processing gene is ___________.

Answer 43

activated

Question 44

Genotypes ______ determine how we live

Answer 44

dont

Question 45

Phenotypic plasticity allows us to cope with the variation that the ________ presents.

Answer 45

environment

Question 46

________ offers an explanation for how plasticity develops.

Answer 46

Epigenetics

Question 47

Epigonetic modifications come from the _________.

Answer 47

enviornment